Test 1 Flashcards
What are the two parts of forensic psychology?
a) research that looks at humain behaviour related to the law
b) psychology practice within or in consultation with a legal system that has both civil and criminal law
the major subcategories of forensic psychology (the types of ppl in forensic psychology)
clinician
researcher
legal scholar
the difference between law and psychology: Precedent
law - very hard to overturn decisions
psychology/science - we come to new conclusions once we have new evidence
Describe Ekman & O’Sullivan 1991
Nursing students watch videos - either grusome or pleasent - and tell the camera what they are told to say
Secret service, judges, psychiatrists, college students ex try to guess liars
rated themselves on how good they were at detecting liars
Secret service was above chance in actually detecting
did a training session on detecting
everyone re rated themselves as lower
who was the first person that the insantity plea was used for?
1843 - McNaughten
what was the earliest version of the insantity plea called?
beast rule
- someone is not responsible for their actions if they have the mental capacity of a beast
the first real forensic psychologist (before forensic psych was a thing)
James McKeen Cattell (1895)
- was interested in testimony and how accurate it could be
asked ppl questions ppl should know but didn’t pay attentino to, like what way do the seeds of an cut apple point
who came up with word association
freud 1906
founder of forensic and organizational psychology?
What motivated him?
Musterberg 1908
- He witnessed a robbery., testified about state of home, and after when he got home he realized how wrong his testimony was
McNaughten Rule 1843
insanity defence
- was paranoid ppl were following him and plotting against him
replaced the beast rule
James McKeen Cattell 1885 focused on…
testimony
asked questions like what are the direction of the seens in a sliced apple
what was alfred binet 1900 interested in
childrens eye-witness testimony
- can be very inaccurate with leading quesitons
word association founder
freud 1906
what did Moore say
yellow psychology - judges have psychologists beaten by a mile
why did forensic psychology begin to have more influence in the 70s
change in society not law. Police needed more tactics
musterberg vs binet
musterberg - founder of forensic in NA
binet, founder of forensic in Europe
who looked at thigns like a future polygraoh test might
musterbg
- combined freuds word association with a mouth clip, and looked at traces of emotion through physioloigcal resposes
who first thought questions shoudl be regulatd so that no suggestion was in them when tlaking to a witness
musterberg
whose thing was hypnotism
musterberg feared it
who first advocated that increased punishment does not lead to crime prevention? expand the reasoning
musterberg
- strive to better society, don’t focus on individuals
- keep ppl busy so envy is menaingless
what hapened with musterberg when ppl didn’t liek what he was saying
was sued and ofun guilty of claiming more than he could offer by wigmore 1909
brown v board of education 1954
first time us law cited psychological research
- clark and clark 1952
- doll study
clark and clark 1952
masseutushets - no seg
Arkansaw - seg
should black kids black and white dolls
asked who looks nice/bad which ones looks like ou?
result: kids from the mass (no seg, all mixed together) didn’t like the black doll as much as the segregated kids did
- argued: that a kid in segregated was so defeated that they couldnt use the defence of denying who they are so they picked the black doll more - fewer kids in Arkansaw which were segregated did this bc they were so defeated. meanwhile, kids in nonsegregated mixed schools picked the black doll less
what does harking mean
when you twist resutls to end up with the conclusion you wanted from the beginning - there was no hypothesis
Frye Criterion (Fry v USA., 1923)
Criteria for admitting an expert in court
Need - testimoney deduced ffrom a well-recognized sicentific principle or discovers, and that the thing is sufficiently establishe to gain general acceptance in its own field to which it belongs
R v Mohan (1994)
Replaced Fry 1923
Requires:
Evidence must be relevant to have an impact on a fact, making a fact int he care more or less likely
The evidence must be necessary for assisting the trier of fact (usually the judge or jury)
The evidence must not violate any rules of exclusion
Can’t have your friends come in to tell everyone you tell the truth
The evidence must be providedd by a qualified expert, which is typically determined through training, experience, and research
_______ theories -
What changes you and how we become something else
Some of it is just development
Looking back at journal from 20s when the person is in their 40s
We change in ways where we might not recognize the person we used to be
learning theories
what experiments do throndike do
The time they were in the cage went down over days they were put in the cage (cats). Until they are a different cat, one might argue - when they immediately pull on a string in the inside
Conditioned learning, not learning like you would in a class
______ theories - some of the most compelling to date
Personality is set, part of your nature that you cannot change - a trait
May or not be genetic, maybe determined at a young age… but it becomes a trait, who you are
personality theories
Eysenck’s (1977) Personality Theory of Crime
neuoticism—-stability
extroversion—introversin
antisocial (someone who violates norms of society) inclinations lie between extroversion and neuoticisms
T/F? an expert n stand can be prosecuted for purgery
false
jose and kitty, who were they
a couple who owned a hosue they rented to celebrities, and who were both killed by their sons, the menendez brothers
explain the menedez brothers
killed botht heir parents at poin blank range with guns, claimed their parents abused them
Erik only 15 at time of crime
they confessed they did it when there was enough evidence against them
psychologists: suffered from helplessness
another psychologist said stress disorder (not compatible with helplessness
spent tons of money really quickly
first- hung jury
tried again, convicted as adults
what is it called when its hung jury but the prosecution can try the ppl again
hung jury without predujice
What did Mossman look at
he looked into 45 cases that had comments about ethics of forensic psychologists
35 had language like “prostitute, slut, hired guns”
about 50% were criminal cases
there was a single specific individual in over half of the cases
when can confidentiality be broken as a forensic psychologist
only when they know of plans of a future crime/imminent danger
what are qualifications of a trial consultant?
nothing! they need nothing!
they usually help with other thigns like jury prep, consulting lawyers
who hires expert witnesses
layers but also sometimes judges if the prosecution nd the defence have expert witnesses with opposing opinions, the judge may hire their own expert witness
kinds of testimony
conduit-educator: ideal, unbiased, gives evidence on both sides
philosopher ruler: goes by their own principles no matter the scientific evidence or money involved
hired gun
the difference between an eyewitness and an expert witness?
expert witness - gives an opinion based on some kind of specialized training, education, or knowledge
