Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Any foul substance such as mud and grime, dust ,excrement
A
Dirt
2
Q
unconsolidated mineral and organic materials on the immediate surface of the earth that serve as a natural medium for the growth of plants.
A
Soil
3
Q
Define Pediology
A
the study of soil a natural body.
4
Q
Define Edaphology
A
study of soil from the standpoint of higher plants.
5
Q
funcitons of soils(6)
A
- medium for plant growth
- recycling system for nutrients and organic matter.
- Habitat for soil organisms.
- Water supply and purification.
- Engineering Medium.
- Modifier of the Atmosphere.
6
Q
top 1 to 2 meters where plant growth occurs.
A
Solum
7
Q
Unconsolidated material overlying rock
A
Regolith
8
Q
arrangement of the soil particles.
A
Soil Structure.
9
Q
Red soil Indicates
A
dehydrated iron compounds
10
Q
Yellow Soil indicates
A
hydrated iron oxides, somewhat restricted drainage.
11
Q
Gray
A
reduced iron and poor drainage.
12
Q
What typically produce soil colors?(4)
A
organic matter,iron compounds, silica and lime
13
Q
Soil color indicates what (4)
A
organic matter, drainage, salts, and weathering
14
Q
Surface soils are generally darker than subsoil due to higher concentration of organic matter contents, (True or False)
A
True.
15
Q
dominant color of the rainbow
A
Hue
16
Q
degree of lightness or darkness
A
Value
17
Q
degree of purity of hue.(departure from grayness)
A
Chroma
18
Q
Soil Texture influences(4)
A
water intake, absorption, soil aeration, and the nutrient holding capacity.
19
Q
Sand particle size
A
.05-2mm
20
Q
Silt particle size
A
.002-.05mm
21
Q
Clay particle size
A
less than .002mm
22
Q
Anything under 2mm in size
A
Soil particle
23
Q
the arrangement of soil sparates into aggregates called peds.
A
Structure
24
Q
(type of structure)Soil surface affected by tillate
A
Granular
25
(type of structure) very porous granular
crumb
26
(type of structure) anything flat
platy
27
(type of structure) angular or subangular
Blocky
28
(type of structure) single grained
structure less.
29
A vertical section of the soil through all of its horizons, extending surface to the parent material.
Profile
30
horizontal soil layer that differs in characteristics from layers above and below.
Horizon
31
(Master Horizon) above the surface of the mineral soil
O, Organic horizon
32
(Master Horizon) enriched with organic matter.
A, Surface mineral
33
(Master Horizon) zone of loss. Loss of silicate clay, Fe and Al leaving a concentration of resistant sand of silt particles.
E, Eluvial horizon
34
(Master Horizon) zone of accumulation, accumulation of Fe and clay that results in enhanced structure.
B, illuvial horizon.
35
(Master Horizon) material little affected by soil forming.
C, Parent Material
36
(Master Horizon) like sandstone, limestone, or granite.
R, Hard Bedrock
37
subordinate (g)
soil is grey due to poor drainage.
38
subordinate (p)
plowing or other disturbance
39
subordinate (t)
accumulation of silicate clay
40
subordinate (x)
fragipan, high bulk density.
41
the chemical breakdown of rocks and minerals with the formation (synthesis) of new minerals.
Weathering
42
weathering produces
plant materials for soils.
43
Types of physical weathering
Abrasion, Organisms, Temperature, Physical disintegration.
44
Main agents of chemical weathering
Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide.
45
Five reactants involved in decomposition
Solution, hydrolysis, carbonation, oxidation, hydration.
46
Solution
dissolving a solid in a liquid
47
Hydrolysis
Attack of H+ ions onto crystal surfaces spliting of H20 molecules .
48
Carbonation
Reaction of compound with carbonic acid formed by root and organism respiration.
49
Oxidation
Loss of electrons, transfer of electron reactions.
50
Hydration
Combination of water with a solid chemical mineral or salt
51
topography mostly affects: (2)
Soil moisture and relationships, Soil Erosion
52
Climate mainly affects:
moisture and temperatue
53
Precipitation does what:
increases weathering and clay formation,
decreases pH and Lower fertility
Increases vegetation and organic matter.
54
Temperature affects
10C doubles rates of reaction, affects organic matter content in soils(moisture).
55
Prairies vs. Forests
Prarie has more organic matter and its more evenly distributed.
56
How does time affect soil development
in a warm humid climate soil development is much faster than in an arid region.
57
Classification system of Soils
Soil taxonomy
58
(Surface Horizons) Mollic
thick dark colored, high fertility
59
(Surface Horizons) Umbric
thick dark colored, low fert.
60
(Surface Horizons) Orchric
light in color, low organic matter, hard
61
(Surface Horizons) Histic
very high organic
62
(Subsurface Horizons) Argillic(t)
silicate clay
63
(Subsurface Horizons) Fragipan (x)
brittle pan dense loamy
64
(Subsurface Horizons) Albic(E)
light colored, clay Fe
65
(Subsurface Horizons) Cambic (w)
altered or changed by
66
Collection of soil seperates held together by clay organic matter and other cementing agents. Important in inflitration and absorption.helps percolation and holds soil to the surface.
Aggregates
67
dispersion of soil particles and sealing the pores
Soil crusting
68
Particle Density (formula)
density of soils solids alone, (mass or dry soil)/(volume of solids)
69
Bulk Density (formula)
density of soil as it exists in nature.
| mass of dry soil)/ (volume of solids + pores
70
the physical condition of the soil in relation to plant growth.
Soil Tilth
71
hydrogen bonding
low energy bond between H atom of one water.
72
attraction of water molecules for each other
Cohesion
73
Adhesion
Attraction of water molecules for solid surfaces
74
results from greater attraction of water molecules for each other than for air.
Surface Tension
75
the difference in energy level between pure water and soil water
Soil water potential
76
tendency of excess water to move to the water table
Gravitational potential
77
pressure potential
Matric potential(suction and tension)
Solute Potential
+ due to weight of
- attraction of water to solid surfaces
negative, osmotic potiential
78
Maximum Retention Capacity
saturation, all pores are filled with rain water.
79
Field Capacity
Rain water drains for 2 to 3 days
80
Permanent wilting Point
plants cannot obtain enough water from soil to survive.
81
hygroscopic water
moves through pores as water vapor, non liquid.
82
Capillary water
water moves in pores of capillary size, along potential gradient. between field capacity and hygroscopic water
83
Plant available water
water that can be absorbed by roots.
84
measures potential by which water is held in soil
Tensiometer
85
Five soil forming factors
Climate, Native, Parent, Topography, Time
86
Soil Genesis
the evolution of soil from its parent material.
87
parent material
the upper part of the regolith that develops into a soil.
88
Minerals
Solid, inorganic elements or elemental compounds having definite atomic structures and chemical compounds which vary within a fixed range.
89
Rocks are _____
aggregates of minerals
90
-------parent materials are formed in place from rocks and minerals
Residual or residum
91
_______form from molten magma, kind of minerals found in igneous rocks.
Primary minerals
92
_______ are recrystallized products of the chemical breakdown of primary minerals.
Secondary Minerals
93
________ rocks, high temperature melts that solidify into minerals upon cooling.
Igneous
94
________rocks, formed from the products of mineral weathering that are created in one location and then transported and deposited in another (usually the ocean floor)
Sedimentary
95
______result from the transformation of igneous or sedimentary rocks under high heat and pressure.
Metamorphic
96
Parent materials transported by gravity
Colluvium
97
Parent materials transported by water(3)
Alluvium, Marine, Lacustrine
98
Parent materials transported by wind
Eolian
99
parent materials transported by ICE
Glacial
100
6 levels of classification from biggest to smallest.
order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, series
101
formed from volcanic ash and lava deposits
Andisols
102
Soils with argillic or natric horizons; formed under forests
Alfisols
103
have a permafrost layer
Gelisols
104
young soils with weak B horizons
inceptisols
105
mostly highly weathered soils; accumulation of Fe and Al oxides
Oxisols
106
very young soils with no B horizon
entisols
107
Formed in dry Climates
Aridisols
108
High content of shrink-swell clays; deep cracks when dry
Vertisols
109
Soils with more than 30% organic matter
histosols
110
Soils with deep, Dark A horizons formed under grasslands
Mollisols
111
Have a spodic horizon
Spodosols
112
more weathered than alfisols but less weathered than oxisols
Ultisols
