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Tourism And The Environment > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tourism

A

-considered an export product
Ie. Sold to international (and domestic) market.
Revenue is from “exports”
-“Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”

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2
Q

How much global industry does tourism account for?

A

7%

-equals 1.7 Trillion USD

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3
Q

8 Sectors of the Tourism Industry

A
  • tourists may use all or only a few of the 8 sectors

- success of the tourism industry depends on how well each sector supports the other

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4
Q

Tourism Components Identified in Canada

A

-WTO defines the industry that encompasses the transportation, lodging, feeding and entertainment of the traveller.

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5
Q

Growth of Tourism: Transportation

A
  • advances in transportation system
  • planes/ships bigger, faster
  • advances in automobiles. GPS systems
  • high speed trains
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6
Q

Growth of tourism: Media

A

-instant information (desire to visit, reduce risk/reports of instability)

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7
Q

Growth of tourism: computer systems/internet and e-commerce

A
  • computer systems: rapid booking, scheduling
  • internet ecommerce: research, online booking, etc
  • websites for attractions: advance purchases
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8
Q

Growth of tourism: education

A
  • lifelong learning, comfort

- curiosity

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9
Q

Growth of tourism: increased disposable income

A
  • dual income families
  • aging “boomer” retirees
  • emergence of millenials
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10
Q

Growth of tourism: more stressful lifestyle

A
  • faster pace
  • failure of technology to liberate from work
  • disappearance of extended vacation (in NA)
  • expectation of travel
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11
Q

Growth of tourism: declining cost of travel

A
  • competition due to deregulation
  • better packaging
  • consumer awareness of alternatives
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12
Q

Growth of tourism: marketing and promotion

A

-products sell better with strong marketing

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13
Q

Growth of tourism: common currency

A
  • credit cards
  • travelers checks
  • debit cards and banking machines
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14
Q

Growth of tourism: easing government travel restrictions

A
  • eg. European community

- In contrast U.S. tightening of border

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15
Q

Growth of tourism: political stability

A

globally last 50 years have become more stable???

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16
Q

“From the classes to the masses”

A

-originally only wealthy and royalty traveled but as the middle class grew and gained time and money they could travel as well

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17
Q

Tourism

A

Industry that encompasses the transportation, feeding and entertainment of the traveller

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18
Q

Travel deficit

A

When the number (revenue) of the outbound tourists exceeds the number (revenue) of inbound tourists

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19
Q

Trip

A

Any travel that takes a person 80km from their place of residence for any reason other than a commute to work or school

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20
Q

Foreign tourists

A

“Persons visiting a country other than the one in which they reside, for a period of at least 24 hours”

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21
Q

Leakage

A

When a community cannot support the influx of tourists and must import workers and goods in order to sustain the industry

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22
Q

Multiplier effect

A

Revenue that is returned and recycled in the local economy

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23
Q

You are a tourist if…

A
  • you are traveling for pleasure, family reasons, to learn about the world, religious or health reasons.
  • you are travelling for business other than direct remuneration from the country visited
  • you are visiting as part of a cruise or travel package
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24
Q

You are NOT a tourist if

A
  • you are actively going to take up employment at your destination
  • you are establishing residency
  • you are attending an educational institution amd establishing residency
  • staying for less than 24 hours
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25
Q

Accommodation

A
  • earliest known hotel system belonged to the Roman Empire
  • resulted from role as conquerors and road builders
  • provided a variety of accommodations from simple huts to more elaborate dwellings
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26
Q

Pros of Air BnB

A
  • economical
  • household amenities
  • authentic experience
  • increase peak season supply
  • often outside main tourist area
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27
Q

Cons of Air BnB

A
  • often illegal
  • no tax revenue
  • difficult to plan for
  • may lead to “overtourism”
  • inflate local housing cost
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28
Q

Food and Beverage

A
  • largest sector of the tourism economy
  • 24% of tourists budget is spent on food and drink
  • 50% of tourism jobs
  • information about local eateries from a variety of sources
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29
Q

Transportation

A

-air travel is one of the most significant developments in global travel

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30
Q

Online connection

A

Flight that doesn’t change airlines; may still change flights

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31
Q

Interline connection

A

Can change airlines. More likely to lose luggage

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32
Q

Non-stop flight

A

No stops

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33
Q

Direct flight

A

You don’t get off the plane

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34
Q

Circle trip

A

One or more segments. Other destinations

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35
Q

Open jaw trip

A

Return is from a different airport

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36
Q

FBO

A

Fixed base operator. Small airlines generally affiliated with a local airport

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37
Q

Load factor

A

Varies depending on how full the plane is.

Book 1-3 months before your flight

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38
Q

Tour operator

A

Creates package. Buys all components of the tour and then packages it. May sell on own or through a travel counselor

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39
Q

Travel counselor

A

What many would call a travel agent. The seller of the travel product

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40
Q

Tour wholesaler

A

Traditionally wholesalers booked space for travel suppliers tours. Intermediaries between the supplier (tour operator) and the travel agency

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41
Q

Tour operator

A

Many involved through their own passions yet despite this the operation of a tour business is first and foremost a business with systems required

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42
Q

Tourism Services

A

Support group for tourists. Specializes in serving the needs of the industry, rather than the needs of the visitor

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43
Q

Tourist

A

Has travelled more than 70km and remained for 24 hours or more

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44
Q

Excusionist

A

Has travelled more than 70km, but not for 24 hours

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45
Q

Domestic

A

Within country

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46
Q

International (inbound)

A

An international tourist coming into Canada

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47
Q

International outbound

A

Canadian travelling internationally

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48
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Top to bottom of triangle:

  1. Self-actualization
  2. Ego (self-esteem)
  3. Social (love, affection, belonging)
  4. Safety (home, job)
  5. Physiological needs (food, water)
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49
Q

Travel Motivators: social and ego needs

A
  • desire or need for acceptance by friends, relatives, colleagues
  • belief that travel may confer status
  • similar travel experience allows for sharing
  • travel is now an expected form of recreation
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50
Q

Own travel

A

When traveler’s experience is viewed as better than own experience travel is viewed positively

51
Q

Typical travel

A

When little is known about a destination, formed a view of what a typical traveler might do, if traveler exceeds these notions assessment was positive

52
Q

Character of traveler

A
  • based upon judgement of travelers character

- base line was the character of the traveler at home

53
Q

Home conditions

A

Compares social, cultural, and living conditions at home with conditions at the travel destination

54
Q

Surface Factors: Physical motivators

A

Health and activity related, tension release

55
Q

Surface Factors: Cultural motivators

A

Desire to know and learn about people, culture, art, nature

56
Q

Surface factors: Interpersonal motivators

A

Escape from family and friends and desire to visit with family and friends

57
Q

Push and Pull Factor: Pull

A

Tangible forces that draw visitors to a destination- people, places, activities

58
Q

Push and pull factors: push

A
  • text suggests that push factors and intangible forces that arise from within
  • negative or undesirable aspects of ones home area
59
Q

Classification of Guests: pleasure guests

A
  • travel is discretionary and affected by time and income as well as family life stage
  • 2 family income can explain increase in # of shorter trips and decrease in longer trips
60
Q

Classification of guests: demographics

A
  • age, occupation, place of residence, income level, education level, martial status
  • generally travelers are better educated and represent white collar workers
  • demographics also useful for marketing
61
Q

Preparation theory

A

Preparing people to be adults

Ie) learn culture, language, economic contributors

62
Q

Relaxation theory

A

We get stressed and need to remove ourselves from the stress

63
Q

Compensation theory

A

Travelling to make up for shortfalls in our life

64
Q

Learning theory

A

Travelling can greatly assist in learning

65
Q

Arousal seeking theory

A

Having our senses greatly enhanced

66
Q

Travel as an exercise in Authentication

A

Need to authenticate experiences and images that we see, read, and hear about in magazines or on television

67
Q

Travel to Develop Relations amoung Strangers

A

Desire to learn about, understand, appreciate, and enjoy different cultures and perspectives on life

68
Q

Travel as a form of imperialism

A
  • most tourists from economically advantaged nations
  • hosts sometimes viewed as Quasi colonials
  • some guests flaunt their wealth and the prestige of their origin
69
Q

Travel as Pleasure Seeking Behavior

A 
Four S's :
Sun
Sand
Sea
Sex
70
Q

Travel as Novelty Seeking

A

New sights

71
Q

Psychographics

A

Uses motives of behavior to categorize tourists

Psychocenteic——— Allocentric

72
Q

Psychocentric

A

-prefer familiar travel, where things are consistent and lack of surprises.
Ex) going to Canada’s Wonderland

Defined by:

  • territory boundness
  • generalized anxiety
  • powerlessness
73
Q

Allocentric

A

-view travel as a way of expressing inquisitiveness and curiosity
-want to see and do new things as well as explore the world
Ex) Africa

Defined by:

  • considerable adventuresomeness
  • self confidence
  • lack of generalized anxieties
74
Q

Midcentric

A

-travel to obtain a break in the routine
-want variety without being to exotic
Ex) Northern Europe

75
Q

Tourism hosts

A

the destination community

76
Q

Jafari identifies 4 stages in tourism research

A

Advocacy
Cautionary
Adaptancy
Knowledge based

77
Q

Destinations/Hosts: Advocacy

A
  • Strong support for tourism
  • Benign avenue to economic development
  • Economic benefits
  • Sociocultural Benefits
  • Cross cultural understanding
  • Environmental benefits
78
Q

Destinations/Hosts: Cautionary Platform

A
  • Largely a reaction to the advocacy platform
  • Largely as a result of unfettered development, in particular in less developed regions – intensification of development
  • Economic costs
79
Q

Destinations/Hosts: Sociocultural costs

A
  • Foster misunderstanding and conflict
  • Congestion and diversion of services and resources
  • Commodification of culture
80
Q

Destinations/Hosts: Adaptancy platform

A

Developed from the cautionary platform. Response to lack of alternatives presented by cautionary platform

81
Q

Destinations/Hosts: Knowledge based platform

A

based on recognition that tourism had evolved into a global industry

82
Q

Tourism Illiteracy

A

An educational deficiency regarding tourism - characteristics of:

  • Do not plan for tourism
  • Do not see tourism as a benefit
  • Do not understand how to use tourist dollar for expansion
  • Don’t want tourists to intrude on way of life
83
Q

Barriers to Tourism Acceptance

A

-Crime and unwanted behaviour
-Pollution - air water, land, and noise
-Local resentment
-Inflation
-Congestion of roads, parks, shopping areas, recreational centres, attractions, restaurants
-Seasonality
-Leakage
Increases in the cost of services
Diversion of government funds

84
Q

Benefits of Tourism

A
  • Economic diversification
  • Cultural preservation
  • Better choices in shopping, entertainment and food service
  • Enhanced Travel
  • Area Beautification
  • Tax revenues
85
Q

Cultural Impacts: Cultural renewal

A

may rediscover cultural traditions

86
Q

Cultural Impacts: Demonstration effect

A

mere observation of tourists may result in
increased dependency on tourists
improvements in quality of life

87
Q

Cultural Impacts: Acculturation

A

may be absorbed by dominant culture
frequently has intergenerational and gender role implications
“Coca-Colonization”

88
Q

Cultural Impacts: Authenticity

A

refers to the perception of the tourism scene as real or staged
-has 2 components
Visitor’s perception and Host’s perception
Authentic, Staged, Denial, Contrived

89
Q

Tourism is a unique product

A
  • Intangible - buy without trying
  • Costly - may save for several years
  • Highly perishable - time
  • Cannot be stored - eg summer
  • Product supply is fixed - eg seats on a plane
  • Highly seasonal
  • Use is curbed by constraints
  • Quality control is difficult
90
Q

Destination hierarchies

A

Positioning of destinations within a hierarchy that ranges from local municipality to the entire world (intervening destinations at the provincial, regional, state, continental and hemispheric scale)

91
Q

Boundaries

A

separate the destination from other entities at the same level of the hierarchy
Formal – highly stable and legislated
Informal – often on the basis of policy as opposed to legislation
Permeability – the degree to which a boundary resists penetration - what controls are in place and how are they enacted – permit/enforcement

92
Q

community

A

those living in defined space at the time

93
Q

Tourism Lifecycle

A

Butler described the tourism life cycle as one in which the destination moves through a series phases from exploration to eventual stagnation
-review picture on phone

94
Q

CAT: circumstantial alternative tourism

A

Small scale with no regulations/minimal

95
Q

DAT: deliberate alternative tourism

A

Small scale with regulatory environment in place

96
Q

UMT: unsustainable mass tourism

A

Large scale destinations lacking in regulations

97
Q

SMT: sustainable mass tourism

A

large scale where regulations exist and are enforced.

98
Q

CAT to DAT

A

More desirable option – appropriate where fragile natural and cultural resource exist or local desires reflect wish to remain small
Useful default position

99
Q

CAT to SMT

A

Less common
Occurred in Cancun (initially) well planned government intervention
Controversial due to concerns over desirability of radical transition form small coastal village to highly urbanized setting.
Case can be made for “strong” sustainability models

100
Q

DAT to SMT

A

Stakeholders may decide intensification is desirable and it is feasible environmentally
Site hardening, visitor education and other attempts to increase areas carrying capacity
Needs to be properly carried out or risks UMT

101
Q

UMT to SMT

A

Urgent need to redress situation
Likely experiencing decline
Crime, congestion

102
Q

SMT to UMT

A

Undesirable
May be what occurred in Cancun after government moved away from regulation to laissez faire
Parts of US and Canadian NP’s appear to be illustrative of this scenario as escalating visitor numbers place undue stress on local infrastructure

103
Q

Nature Tourism

A

represents a very broad class of activities that ultimately depend to one degree or another on the natural environment

104
Q

Stages of Nature Tourism

A
  • Anticipation
  • Planning
  • Travel to
  • Participation – the actual tour
  • Travel from
  • Recollection
105
Q

Nature Tourism: Traditional Consumptive Activities

A
  • Hunting
  • Fishing
  • Berry picking
  • Snowmobiling
106
Q

Nature Tourism: Traditional Non Consumptive Activities

A
  • Cross country skiing
  • Hiking
  • Wildlife viewing
  • Photo safari
107
Q

Tourism is reliant upon

A

climatic and environmental stability

108
Q

Relationship with Nature

A

-Our construction of nature influences both our willingness to travel to experience it and where we go to find it
-A part of or Apart from”
This statement is central to how we interact with and understand the natural environment
-“wilderness”

109
Q

Changing Perceptions of Nature Tourism

A
  • This distinction of “wilderness” as something outside humans is very much a product of civilization as nomadic hunter gatherer societies made no such distinction
  • is that it reinforces the idea that nature exists in places that are separate from culture
  • ignorance of the claims of indigenous peoples who reside in and around these areas
110
Q

The Role of the Railroad

A
  • Rail lines were developed linking urban centres with beaches and mountains across the western world, immediately democratizing tourism
  • Today “The Beach” represents a major focus for tourism fulfilling a variety of needs from sunbathing to direct connection with nature
111
Q

Nature and Destination Images

A

The promotion of destination images that match constructions of nature’s beauty and entice people to travel are essential to the tourism system

112
Q

Summary of Nature Based Tourism

A
  • Our relationship to nature continues to change in response to our changing society
  • Nature remains a major focus of tourist motivation and the industry has responded
  • Tourism industry continues to rely upon the romantic view of nature as pure and uncompromised that we have to travel to experience
113
Q

Primeval

A
  • Primeval relates more to humankind’s evolutionary heritage.
  • It echoed the human species origin as creatures of the wild and conveyed the notion that in untouched landscapes, one might experience and respond to the natural world much as one’s more distant ancestors had.
114
Q

Habitat Theory

A
  • asserts that the relationship between the human observer and the perceived environment is basically the same as the relationship of a creature to its habitat;
  • aesthetic pleasure in landscape derives from the observer experiencing an environment favorable to the satisfaction of their biological needs.
115
Q

Affordances

A

“an affordance is what an environment offers the perceiver, or, in other words, what the perceiver would like to do in the setting.”

116
Q

Prospect and Refuge theory

A

-because the ability to see without being seen is an intermediate step in satisfaction of many of those needs
the capacity of an environment to ensure the achievement of this becomes a more immediate source of aesthetic satisfaction;

117
Q

Humans seek out landscapes that are

A
  • High in prospect and refuge
  • Position themselves in places that afford them opportunities to meet certain biological needs
  • Such that one is protected, yet can view and learn about their surroundings.
118
Q

The Kaplan’s Information Processing Model

A
  • concept that landscape preference must have evolved as an adaptive process as humans evolved the mental and perceptual capabilities for processing environmental information which is important for survival;
  • humans are constantly building mental models of the environments they experience
119
Q

Environmental Preference

A

Based on making sense and involvement

120
Q

Kaplan’s Four Factors from the Framework

A
  • coherence
  • complexity
  • legibility
  • mystery
121
Q

coherence

A

the extent to which the scene “hangs together” through repetition of elements, textures and structural factors which facilitates comprehension;

122
Q

complexity

A

the amount of variety or diversity in a scene. A scene which has enough information present to keep one interested or occupied

123
Q

legibility

A

the recognition of an environment that looks as if one could explore it extensively without getting lost. Environments that are high in legibility are those that look as if they would be easy to make sense of as one wandered farther and farther into them;

124
Q

mystery

A

the degree to which more information may be gained by proceeding further into the scene.

Tourism And The Environment (2 decks)

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