Test 1 Flashcards
Tourism
-considered an export product
Ie. Sold to international (and domestic) market.
Revenue is from “exports”
-“Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”
How much global industry does tourism account for?
7%
-equals 1.7 Trillion USD
8 Sectors of the Tourism Industry
- tourists may use all or only a few of the 8 sectors
- success of the tourism industry depends on how well each sector supports the other
Tourism Components Identified in Canada
-WTO defines the industry that encompasses the transportation, lodging, feeding and entertainment of the traveller.
Growth of Tourism: Transportation
- advances in transportation system
- planes/ships bigger, faster
- advances in automobiles. GPS systems
- high speed trains
Growth of tourism: Media
-instant information (desire to visit, reduce risk/reports of instability)
Growth of tourism: computer systems/internet and e-commerce
- computer systems: rapid booking, scheduling
- internet ecommerce: research, online booking, etc
- websites for attractions: advance purchases
Growth of tourism: education
- lifelong learning, comfort
- curiosity
Growth of tourism: increased disposable income
- dual income families
- aging “boomer” retirees
- emergence of millenials
Growth of tourism: more stressful lifestyle
- faster pace
- failure of technology to liberate from work
- disappearance of extended vacation (in NA)
- expectation of travel
Growth of tourism: declining cost of travel
- competition due to deregulation
- better packaging
- consumer awareness of alternatives
Growth of tourism: marketing and promotion
-products sell better with strong marketing
Growth of tourism: common currency
- credit cards
- travelers checks
- debit cards and banking machines
Growth of tourism: easing government travel restrictions
- eg. European community
- In contrast U.S. tightening of border
Growth of tourism: political stability
globally last 50 years have become more stable???
“From the classes to the masses”
-originally only wealthy and royalty traveled but as the middle class grew and gained time and money they could travel as well
Tourism
Industry that encompasses the transportation, feeding and entertainment of the traveller
Travel deficit
When the number (revenue) of the outbound tourists exceeds the number (revenue) of inbound tourists
Trip
Any travel that takes a person 80km from their place of residence for any reason other than a commute to work or school
Foreign tourists
“Persons visiting a country other than the one in which they reside, for a period of at least 24 hours”
Leakage
When a community cannot support the influx of tourists and must import workers and goods in order to sustain the industry
Multiplier effect
Revenue that is returned and recycled in the local economy
You are a tourist if…
- you are traveling for pleasure, family reasons, to learn about the world, religious or health reasons.
- you are travelling for business other than direct remuneration from the country visited
- you are visiting as part of a cruise or travel package
You are NOT a tourist if
- you are actively going to take up employment at your destination
- you are establishing residency
- you are attending an educational institution amd establishing residency
- staying for less than 24 hours
Accommodation
- earliest known hotel system belonged to the Roman Empire
- resulted from role as conquerors and road builders
- provided a variety of accommodations from simple huts to more elaborate dwellings
Pros of Air BnB
- economical
- household amenities
- authentic experience
- increase peak season supply
- often outside main tourist area
Cons of Air BnB
- often illegal
- no tax revenue
- difficult to plan for
- may lead to “overtourism”
- inflate local housing cost
Food and Beverage
- largest sector of the tourism economy
- 24% of tourists budget is spent on food and drink
- 50% of tourism jobs
- information about local eateries from a variety of sources
Transportation
-air travel is one of the most significant developments in global travel
Online connection
Flight that doesn’t change airlines; may still change flights
Interline connection
Can change airlines. More likely to lose luggage
Non-stop flight
No stops
Direct flight
You don’t get off the plane
Circle trip
One or more segments. Other destinations
Open jaw trip
Return is from a different airport
FBO
Fixed base operator. Small airlines generally affiliated with a local airport
Load factor
Varies depending on how full the plane is.
Book 1-3 months before your flight
Tour operator
Creates package. Buys all components of the tour and then packages it. May sell on own or through a travel counselor
Travel counselor
What many would call a travel agent. The seller of the travel product
Tour wholesaler
Traditionally wholesalers booked space for travel suppliers tours. Intermediaries between the supplier (tour operator) and the travel agency
Tour operator
Many involved through their own passions yet despite this the operation of a tour business is first and foremost a business with systems required
Tourism Services
Support group for tourists. Specializes in serving the needs of the industry, rather than the needs of the visitor
Tourist
Has travelled more than 70km and remained for 24 hours or more
Excusionist
Has travelled more than 70km, but not for 24 hours
Domestic
Within country
International (inbound)
An international tourist coming into Canada
International outbound
Canadian travelling internationally
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Top to bottom of triangle:
- Self-actualization
- Ego (self-esteem)
- Social (love, affection, belonging)
- Safety (home, job)
- Physiological needs (food, water)
Travel Motivators: social and ego needs
- desire or need for acceptance by friends, relatives, colleagues
- belief that travel may confer status
- similar travel experience allows for sharing
- travel is now an expected form of recreation
Own travel
When traveler’s experience is viewed as better than own experience travel is viewed positively
Typical travel
When little is known about a destination, formed a view of what a typical traveler might do, if traveler exceeds these notions assessment was positive
Character of traveler
- based upon judgement of travelers character
- base line was the character of the traveler at home
Home conditions
Compares social, cultural, and living conditions at home with conditions at the travel destination
Surface Factors: Physical motivators
Health and activity related, tension release
Surface Factors: Cultural motivators
Desire to know and learn about people, culture, art, nature
Surface factors: Interpersonal motivators
Escape from family and friends and desire to visit with family and friends
Push and Pull Factor: Pull
Tangible forces that draw visitors to a destination- people, places, activities
Push and pull factors: push
- text suggests that push factors and intangible forces that arise from within
- negative or undesirable aspects of ones home area
Classification of Guests: pleasure guests
- travel is discretionary and affected by time and income as well as family life stage
- 2 family income can explain increase in # of shorter trips and decrease in longer trips
Classification of guests: demographics
- age, occupation, place of residence, income level, education level, martial status
- generally travelers are better educated and represent white collar workers
- demographics also useful for marketing
Preparation theory
Preparing people to be adults
Ie) learn culture, language, economic contributors
Relaxation theory
We get stressed and need to remove ourselves from the stress
Compensation theory
Travelling to make up for shortfalls in our life
Learning theory
Travelling can greatly assist in learning
Arousal seeking theory
Having our senses greatly enhanced
Travel as an exercise in Authentication
Need to authenticate experiences and images that we see, read, and hear about in magazines or on television
Travel to Develop Relations amoung Strangers
Desire to learn about, understand, appreciate, and enjoy different cultures and perspectives on life
Travel as a form of imperialism
- most tourists from economically advantaged nations
- hosts sometimes viewed as Quasi colonials
- some guests flaunt their wealth and the prestige of their origin
Travel as Pleasure Seeking Behavior
Four S's : Sun Sand Sea Sex
Travel as Novelty Seeking
New sights
Psychographics
Uses motives of behavior to categorize tourists
Psychocenteic——— Allocentric
Psychocentric
-prefer familiar travel, where things are consistent and lack of surprises.
Ex) going to Canada’s Wonderland
Defined by:
- territory boundness
- generalized anxiety
- powerlessness
Allocentric
-view travel as a way of expressing inquisitiveness and curiosity
-want to see and do new things as well as explore the world
Ex) Africa
Defined by:
- considerable adventuresomeness
- self confidence
- lack of generalized anxieties
Midcentric
-travel to obtain a break in the routine
-want variety without being to exotic
Ex) Northern Europe
Tourism hosts
the destination community
Jafari identifies 4 stages in tourism research
Advocacy
Cautionary
Adaptancy
Knowledge based
Destinations/Hosts: Advocacy
- Strong support for tourism
- Benign avenue to economic development
- Economic benefits
- Sociocultural Benefits
- Cross cultural understanding
- Environmental benefits
Destinations/Hosts: Cautionary Platform
- Largely a reaction to the advocacy platform
- Largely as a result of unfettered development, in particular in less developed regions – intensification of development
- Economic costs
Destinations/Hosts: Sociocultural costs
- Foster misunderstanding and conflict
- Congestion and diversion of services and resources
- Commodification of culture
Destinations/Hosts: Adaptancy platform
Developed from the cautionary platform. Response to lack of alternatives presented by cautionary platform
Destinations/Hosts: Knowledge based platform
based on recognition that tourism had evolved into a global industry
Tourism Illiteracy
An educational deficiency regarding tourism - characteristics of:
- Do not plan for tourism
- Do not see tourism as a benefit
- Do not understand how to use tourist dollar for expansion
- Don’t want tourists to intrude on way of life
Barriers to Tourism Acceptance
-Crime and unwanted behaviour
-Pollution - air water, land, and noise
-Local resentment
-Inflation
-Congestion of roads, parks, shopping areas, recreational centres, attractions, restaurants
-Seasonality
-Leakage
Increases in the cost of services
Diversion of government funds
Benefits of Tourism
- Economic diversification
- Cultural preservation
- Better choices in shopping, entertainment and food service
- Enhanced Travel
- Area Beautification
- Tax revenues
Cultural Impacts: Cultural renewal
may rediscover cultural traditions
Cultural Impacts: Demonstration effect
mere observation of tourists may result in
increased dependency on tourists
improvements in quality of life
Cultural Impacts: Acculturation
may be absorbed by dominant culture
frequently has intergenerational and gender role implications
“Coca-Colonization”
Cultural Impacts: Authenticity
refers to the perception of the tourism scene as real or staged
-has 2 components
Visitor’s perception and Host’s perception
Authentic, Staged, Denial, Contrived
Tourism is a unique product
- Intangible - buy without trying
- Costly - may save for several years
- Highly perishable - time
- Cannot be stored - eg summer
- Product supply is fixed - eg seats on a plane
- Highly seasonal
- Use is curbed by constraints
- Quality control is difficult
Destination hierarchies
Positioning of destinations within a hierarchy that ranges from local municipality to the entire world (intervening destinations at the provincial, regional, state, continental and hemispheric scale)
Boundaries
separate the destination from other entities at the same level of the hierarchy
Formal – highly stable and legislated
Informal – often on the basis of policy as opposed to legislation
Permeability – the degree to which a boundary resists penetration - what controls are in place and how are they enacted – permit/enforcement
community
those living in defined space at the time
Tourism Lifecycle
Butler described the tourism life cycle as one in which the destination moves through a series phases from exploration to eventual stagnation
-review picture on phone
CAT: circumstantial alternative tourism
Small scale with no regulations/minimal
DAT: deliberate alternative tourism
Small scale with regulatory environment in place
UMT: unsustainable mass tourism
Large scale destinations lacking in regulations
SMT: sustainable mass tourism
large scale where regulations exist and are enforced.
CAT to DAT
More desirable option – appropriate where fragile natural and cultural resource exist or local desires reflect wish to remain small
Useful default position
CAT to SMT
Less common
Occurred in Cancun (initially) well planned government intervention
Controversial due to concerns over desirability of radical transition form small coastal village to highly urbanized setting.
Case can be made for “strong” sustainability models
DAT to SMT
Stakeholders may decide intensification is desirable and it is feasible environmentally
Site hardening, visitor education and other attempts to increase areas carrying capacity
Needs to be properly carried out or risks UMT
UMT to SMT
Urgent need to redress situation
Likely experiencing decline
Crime, congestion
SMT to UMT
Undesirable
May be what occurred in Cancun after government moved away from regulation to laissez faire
Parts of US and Canadian NP’s appear to be illustrative of this scenario as escalating visitor numbers place undue stress on local infrastructure
Nature Tourism
represents a very broad class of activities that ultimately depend to one degree or another on the natural environment
Stages of Nature Tourism
- Anticipation
- Planning
- Travel to
- Participation – the actual tour
- Travel from
- Recollection
Nature Tourism: Traditional Consumptive Activities
- Hunting
- Fishing
- Berry picking
- Snowmobiling
Nature Tourism: Traditional Non Consumptive Activities
- Cross country skiing
- Hiking
- Wildlife viewing
- Photo safari
Tourism is reliant upon
climatic and environmental stability
Relationship with Nature
-Our construction of nature influences both our willingness to travel to experience it and where we go to find it
-A part of or Apart from”
This statement is central to how we interact with and understand the natural environment
-“wilderness”
Changing Perceptions of Nature Tourism
- This distinction of “wilderness” as something outside humans is very much a product of civilization as nomadic hunter gatherer societies made no such distinction
- is that it reinforces the idea that nature exists in places that are separate from culture
- ignorance of the claims of indigenous peoples who reside in and around these areas
The Role of the Railroad
- Rail lines were developed linking urban centres with beaches and mountains across the western world, immediately democratizing tourism
- Today “The Beach” represents a major focus for tourism fulfilling a variety of needs from sunbathing to direct connection with nature
Nature and Destination Images
The promotion of destination images that match constructions of nature’s beauty and entice people to travel are essential to the tourism system
Summary of Nature Based Tourism
- Our relationship to nature continues to change in response to our changing society
- Nature remains a major focus of tourist motivation and the industry has responded
- Tourism industry continues to rely upon the romantic view of nature as pure and uncompromised that we have to travel to experience
Primeval
- Primeval relates more to humankind’s evolutionary heritage.
- It echoed the human species origin as creatures of the wild and conveyed the notion that in untouched landscapes, one might experience and respond to the natural world much as one’s more distant ancestors had.
Habitat Theory
- asserts that the relationship between the human observer and the perceived environment is basically the same as the relationship of a creature to its habitat;
- aesthetic pleasure in landscape derives from the observer experiencing an environment favorable to the satisfaction of their biological needs.
Affordances
“an affordance is what an environment offers the perceiver, or, in other words, what the perceiver would like to do in the setting.”
Prospect and Refuge theory
-because the ability to see without being seen is an intermediate step in satisfaction of many of those needs
the capacity of an environment to ensure the achievement of this becomes a more immediate source of aesthetic satisfaction;
Humans seek out landscapes that are
- High in prospect and refuge
- Position themselves in places that afford them opportunities to meet certain biological needs
- Such that one is protected, yet can view and learn about their surroundings.
The Kaplan’s Information Processing Model
- concept that landscape preference must have evolved as an adaptive process as humans evolved the mental and perceptual capabilities for processing environmental information which is important for survival;
- humans are constantly building mental models of the environments they experience
Environmental Preference
Based on making sense and involvement
Kaplan’s Four Factors from the Framework
- coherence
- complexity
- legibility
- mystery
coherence
the extent to which the scene “hangs together” through repetition of elements, textures and structural factors which facilitates comprehension;
complexity
the amount of variety or diversity in a scene. A scene which has enough information present to keep one interested or occupied
legibility
the recognition of an environment that looks as if one could explore it extensively without getting lost. Environments that are high in legibility are those that look as if they would be easy to make sense of as one wandered farther and farther into them;
mystery
the degree to which more information may be gained by proceeding further into the scene.
