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geo 2011 > test-1 > Flashcards

test-1 Flashcards

1
Q

geography

A

human impact on environment
environment impact on humans
how we spread ourselves across landscape implications of that – relationships

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2
Q

Ontario size

A

is Canada’s largest province in trade, population, GDP

  • Big north to south, not big in terms of elevation (from high to low)
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3
Q

southernmost point

A

middle island off Pelee Island (Latitude 40x41’)

 Same as Rome, Italy and Northern California

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4
Q

northernmost point

A

latitude 56x50’ at Ontario-Manitoba border

 Close to London, England and Warsaw, Poland

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5
Q

highest point

A

Timiskaming district (693m)

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6
Q

lowest point

A

Hudson Bay shore (sea level)

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7
Q

1968 Lower article “Does Ontario Exist” main point

A

o What is Ontario’s identity? – who are we?
- Noticeable in how provincial government markets
• “More to discover” / “Yours to discover”
• Ontario travel commercial - doesn’t tell you anything about Ontario

Associate Ontario with Group of 7 landscapes

  • Canadian shield/ cottage country
  • Not where people live, work, etc
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8
Q

Coat of arms ontario

A

Green shield with maple leaves with Banner of St. George - Indicates Ontario’s close ties with Britain

Colours – green + gold
 Ontario’s official colours
 Green symbolizes land

Above shield is a bear, with a moose and dear support the shield
 All representing the rich animal life of the province

Latin motto – “Loyal She Began, Loyal She Remains”
 John Gittbonson wrote a book “Loyal No More”

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9
Q

ontario official flag

A

the Red Ensign includes:
o Union Jack – represents Ontario’s ties to Great Britain
o Coat of Arms of the province

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10
Q

a place to stand song for ontario

A
  • Made for world expo 1967 in Montreal
  • Each province invited to put songs together
  • Had screen set up, played song and “flew” audience around Ontario
  • Catchy tune, doesn’t say anything about Ontario
  • Talks a bit about landscape
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11
Q

ontario word background

A
  • Iroquois word for Lake Ontario
  • “Sparkling Water”
     Lots of commercials and songs reference the fact that we have a lot of water in Ontario
  • “Rocks standing by the water”
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12
Q

toronto word background

A

o Also a Native word
o Tarantou = “place of meeting”
o York was OG city

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13
Q

ontario area

A

o 412 582 square miles
o 1 068 582 km2
2nd largest province

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14
Q

Ontario lies (predominantly) in 2 natural regions

A

Canadian Shield (Laurentian Plateau) – higher part

Interior Plains and Lowlands – flat part
 Hudson Bay Plains (Interior Plains) – northern part of province
 Lowlands (Great Lakes-St Lawrence) – southern part of province

Goes flat (hudson bay plains) -> high (Canadian shield in middle) -> flat (lowlands)

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15
Q

ontario glaciation shield

A

All of Ontario was covered by the last glaciation

Evident in Canadian Shield

Also called boreal shield because grows boreal forest (evergreen, carnefrious, mixed wood ( mix of decious of canerferious)
• Further south = more concentration of deciduous

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16
Q

Canadian shield best summed up by 3 words

A

rocks
lakes
forest

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17
Q

Rocks - canadian shield

A

 Igneous and metamorphic
 Between 1.5 and 3.5 billion yrs old
 High mountains eroded down to rocky ridges
• Believed that Canadian shield was as high as rocky mountains but eroded down by ice

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18
Q

Lakes - canadian shield

A

Thousands of lakes – result of glaciation over million years
• As they melted, fill holes with water = why we have so many lakes

Massive ice sheets scoured and gouged the earth = changing drainage patterns

Glaciers scraped the soil from the rocks – very little soil
• As glaciers retreated and melted, took soil w them
o E.g. when it rains we see the loose top soil in the brown rivers

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19
Q

forest - canadian shield

A

Since last ice age ended – 15 000 yrs ago in Southern Ontario, but only 6000 yrs ago in Northern Quebec – the land has become covered with a thick boreal forest of coniferous trees
• Shield has thin, acidic soil
o Coniferous trees love it = boreal forest

Jack Pine, Balsam Fir, White and Black Spruce

Trees continue north to treeline where trees dwindle, and tundra begins

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20
Q

north to south ontario forests

A 
Tundra
Boreal barrens
Boreal forest
Mixed forest
Deciduous forest
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21
Q

north to south ontario regiosn

A

hudson bay lowland
canadian shield
great lakes-st lawrence lowlands

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22
Q

we deforested southern ontario, but it would have been

A

a deciduous forest – they like warmer climate + richer forest

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23
Q

deciduous trees

A

change colours, leaves that fall

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24
Q

confirous trees

A

like all the fir tree, with needles, stay there all year round
make up boreal forest

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25
Q

boreal barrens and tundra

A

o Boreal barrens – can’t support trees bc too cold

o Tundra – is melting in Northern Ontario, barely there

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26
Q

people on canadian shield

A

o Except for forestry operations, mining, and Native Canadina vilalges, few people penetrate this vast, rugged landscape

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27
Q

hudson bay plains

A

o 3rd largest wetland in the world
o Vast sodden plain – very wet, loosely held together, need to wait for it to freeze to cross it
o Slopes towards sea at gradient < 1m per km
o Composed mostly of muskeg or peatlands
o Water in the form of permafrost underlies much of the region

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28
Q
  • Great Lakes – St Lawrence Lowlands
A

made of 2 similar lowlands
Great lakes lowland
st lawrence lowland

Divided by an arm of the Canadian Shield called the Frontenac Axis (Kingston to St Lawrence River)

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29
Q

st lawrence lowland

A

Rift valley – faults or rack in Earth’s crust (hundreds of millions of yrs ago) split the valley which was then part of the Canadian shield
o Floor of valley fell, thereby creating the lowland

After the last ice age, high ocean levels allows the Atlantic Ocean to creep inwards as far as Ottawa, creating a very flat landscape

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30
Q

great lakes lowland

A

Dominant feature is Niagara escarpment

Erosion has left a rocky ridge 30 – 50m above the surrounding area

Over 1000km long, stretching from NY state, across Niagara Falls, north to Tobermory, then into Michigan via Manitoulin Island

Home to most Ontarians

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31
Q

great lakes lowland - world biosphere reserve

A

Creates microclimate, has diff soil, diff animals

Protects area around it from wind
 Most Ontario wind patterns – west to east
 Niagara escarpment – large drops protects places:
• Niagara lakes region, Niagara fruit belt
• Doesn’t protect Buffalo

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32
Q

great lakes lowland - land + landscape

A

Predominantly flat landscape – some glacial landforms remain

Prime agricultural land – Class 1
o Best land, best quality soil
o Depending on climate, can grow anything on it
o Is at risk because we want it for urban development
o Once it becomes urban development, can’t go back to class 1 land

Niagara fruit belt is here and is protected

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33
Q

great lakes - st lawrence lowland - deforestation

A

Where majority of population lives

We deforested it a lot – for agriculture and urbanization

Kept some sections/ patches of trees – wood lock – interest for farmers when they needed wood for structures, now used to wind break and protect habitats

would have been a deciduous or mixed wood forest

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34
Q

Niagara Falls to Niagara river to Lake Ontario

A

o Is eroding – less water – slower erosion

o Should be past Niagara escarpment

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35
Q

ontario climate

A

Mostly “humid continental”

Some more “maritime”
 Near Hudson Bay + James Bay

Temp and precipitation depend on latitude, proximity to water and terrain

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36
Q

ontario - climate - 3 major air sources

A

 Cold, dry, polar air from north
 Pacific polar air passing over the prairies
 Warm, moist, subtropical air from Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

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37
Q

ontario - climate - temp

A
  • Generally warmer in south

* Colder in north growing degree days

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38
Q

ontario - climate - precipitation

A
  • General trend – increase from northwest to southeast

* Snow accumulation varies greatly across the province

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39
Q

federal govt census

A

every 5 yrs

Long form and short form – use this data to make large decisions (e.g. where to put business, hospitals, schools, which services and what resources go where)

If you don’t do the census, they hit you up and follow up

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40
Q

long form census

A

45 min, very detailed questions – drill deep into small portion of population

Always mandatory, but in 2011, they made the long-form census optional

As a result, they did not get accurate data – data was useless - Had to use 2006 data

long-form is mandatory again

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41
Q

short form census

A

7-10 questions – most people get this

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42
Q

US census controversy

A

US wants to put “are you a citizen” in the 2020 census

– ppl won’t do it because don’t want to say they’re there illegally

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43
Q

early ontario - indigenous ppl

A

Arrived ~ 10 000 years ago
Settlement patterns
60 000 – 117 000 in the 1500s

Cree in North – not really involved in agriculture
Groups in the great lakes lowlands would be involved in agriculture

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44
Q

ontario history - 1500s - end of 1700s

A

1500s – Passage to the Orient

1600s – fur trade begins
- French and English struggle for domination

1759 – British vs French showdown
1763 – Treaty of Paris
1775 – American Revolution – don’t want to be in British rule

1779 – English, Scottish & Irish immigrants
- Their revolution boomed Canada’s population because they still wanted to be part of Crown

US ordinance develop the lakes
1791 – Upper Canada defined – pop 15 000

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45
Q

ontario history - 1800s - 1900s

A

1812 – Last military challenge for the Lakes – pop of Upper Canada ~ 90 000

1867 – Confederation

Early 1900s – pop 2 mil, half rural
-Cleared land and invited people to populate the land

1904
 Ford motor company made in Windsor
 Silver discovered at Cobalt in northern Ontario

1906
 Niagara Falls harnessed
 Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission

1911 – 1913
 1 mil people immigrated to Canada, most settling in Ontario

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46
Q

canada confederation

A

1867
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick form a federal union

Dominion of Canada
Capital of Canada – Ottawa
Capital of Ontario – York (Toronto)

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47
Q

ontario current pop

A 
o	2015 – 13 750 000
o	38.65 % of Canada’s population
o	July 1, 2016 – 13 982 984
o	July 1, 2017 – 14 193 384
o	2007 – 2017 – 11% growth
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48
Q

% of canada’s pop - 2011

A

– most in Ontario, Quebec, BC, Alberta; least in territories
 ON – 38.4%
 QC – 23.6%

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49
Q

% of canada’s pop - 2016

A

– Ontario, Quebec, BC, Alberta; Quebec’s relative population is dropping
 ON – 38.3%
 QC – 23.2%

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50
Q

Canada’s pop growth + push/ pull factor

A

ON, AB, BC growing, QC is not – due to economic opportunities

Also due to immigration – they go to provinces/ cities where there are most opportunities

Push and pull factor
o Go where find similar communities
o Better opportunities
o Unsafe in their country

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51
Q

language and ethnicity

A

Official language – English

Francophones – largest language minority is French

Visible minorities increasing

First gen immigrants have more kids than people who have been here for a while

English and French are going down – neither are first languages

In languages spoken at home – English and French decreasing, other languages are becoming more common due to immigration

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52
Q

most common languages spoken at home stats

A

Chinese, Italian, Spanish in top all yrs

2006 – Portuguese, German
2011 – Punjabi, Tagalog
- Population shifts bc of immigration
2016 – Punjabi, Arabic

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53
Q

visible minorities top 3

A

o 2011 – south Asian, Chinese, black

o 2016 – south Asian, Chinese, black, Filipino

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54
Q

Immigration

A

More than 655 000 immigrants settled in Ontario between 2009 and 2013

This represents about 1/3 of those who immigrated to Canada during that period

Drives population growth

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55
Q
  • Provincial distribution of immigrants to Canada
A

2006 – ON, BC, QC, AB

2006 – 2011 – ON, QC, BC, AB

Before 2011 – ON, BC, QC, AB

2011 – 2016 – ON, QC, AB, BC
 ON drops 53% to 39%

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56
Q

natural increase and net migration

A

We have natural increase (residents having their own kids) and net migration (immigration)

Natural increase – more births than deaths

Have spikes in net migration when refugee crises happen

Pop growth think of immigration

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57
Q

dependency ratio

A

– when you don’t have people in working age, and have lots from 0-14 (not working age), and lots above 65+

Require lots of resources

Not productive, not contributing to economy or workforce

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58
Q

population distribution ontario

A 
o	Urban – rural
o	North – South
o	Greater Toronto Area
o	Golden Horseshoe
o	Central – part surrounding GTA
o	East – Ottawa
o	Southeast – near London
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59
Q

immigration adding to rate of natural resources

A

Immigrants have more kids than those who have been here a while

Expect lots of growth (40% pop increase) in GTA and surrounding areas

Seniors move out – inverse because they are going where there is not much population
- Land is cheap, they don’t need a job so don’t need to worry about commutes

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60
Q

greater golden horseshoe

A

Most populous and the most heavily urbanized regions in Canada and one of the fastest growing regions in North America

Home to 8.1 mil people, 2/3 of Ontarians and ¼ of all Canadians

By 2031, pop will be 11.5 mil +

80% of Ontario’s population growth

By 2041, we predict 13.48 mil people, 10.13 mil of them in the GTA

Barrie was not part of Central Ontario, so was not in greater golden horseshoe, but now it is because it is easier to get there now

Is central ontario

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61
Q

indigenous pop - reserves

A

ON has largest number of people who identify as indigenous

Still a small proportion of Ontario’s pop - Is growing

Proportion of people on reserves is declining

1/6 lived on reserves in 2016, and 2011, down from 1/5 in 2006

Indigenous on reserves – in population pyramid are lacking social services - Not living long, high suicide rates

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62
Q

indigenous pop - stats

A

Is younger than rest of Ontario

 32. 5% of aboriginal pop was 19 &amp; under
 22. 5% for the non-aboriginal population

Seniors in the aboriginal people in 2016 increased to 7.9% from 6.7% in 2011, but was less than half the share of seniors in the non-aboriginal population

In 2016 - 374 395 people self-identified as indigenous in Ontario
2.8% of province’s total population
Increase from 2.4% in 2011

2011 – 2016 – population grew 23.1%
Much faster than non-indigenous population (4.2%)

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63
Q

sprawl

A

spreading out of a city ad its suburbs over more and more rural land at the periphery of an urban area

Conversion of open space into built-up, developed land over time

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64
Q

megacities

A

= pop > 10 mil

1975 – 3 megacities – Mexico city, Tokyo, NYC
Now – 21 megacities

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65
Q

world pop stats

A

1800 – world pop was 1 bil, 2011 – 7 bil

Every sec 5 ppl born, 2 die

2008 – first time majority of worl pop lived in cities than rural

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66
Q

characteristics of sprawl

A

High volumes of traffic

Scattering of business, shop, homes

Inadequate public transportation
 Harder to provide and more expensive connecting places that are far from

Pedestrian unfriendly streets

Zoning that divides neighbourhoods from offices, shops, and restaurants

Parking lots that push buildings back and farther away from each other
 If you drive somewhere that’s far, you don’t want to be worried that there won’t be parking
 If you walk/ take public transportation it’s harder for you because stores are very separate

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67
Q

sprawl in ontario

A

At current rate, additional 260 000 acres (1070 km2) of rural land will be urbanized by 2031 (an area double the size of Toronto)

92% of that land is Ontario’s best farmland (class 1)

Golden Horseshoe growing by over 115 000 people per year

In 15 yrs, will be 3rd largest urban region in North America behind only NY and LA

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68
Q

9 costs of sprawl

A 
Low density = high cost
Household costs of sprawl
Consuming precious land
Public health
Climate change
Energy
Water quality + quantity
Wildlife
Aesthetics + quality of life
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69
Q

Low density = high cost

A

Does growth pay for growth? – No

    - Growth was sustainable, used to pay for itself
     - Gets more expensive + harder to pay for it the further you go

Infrastructure costs
- More road needed, water pipes, etc to get to the people who are further

Other externalities:
   - Illnesses
•	E.g. bc further out, first responders must travel more 
    - Time lost
    -	Traffic accidents
    -	Noise
    - 	Economic costs of climate change
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70
Q

household costs of sprawl

A

Savings:
 Cheaper land is further from city centre

Costs:
 Increased property taxes due to maintenance of infrastructure
 Extra transportation costs since all trips require a car
 Time spent driving
• People who don’t drive might be isolated

Because more cars on road, they made roads curvy
 Takes longer to get places bc it could be a straight road
 Gives a rural feel

71
Q

consuming precious land

A

Land is finite

Land used for urban development is often prime agricultural land
 89% of Canada’s land has no capability for agricultural use
 Only 11% can support agricultural production (classes 1 – 5)
 Only 0.5% of Canadian land is considered class 1
• 52% of this class 1 land is found in Ontario – very limited resource
• In Ontario, 18% of class 1 land is already urbanized

Open land also preserves habitat and absorbs rain
 Lots of pavement = no where for rain to go
 A lot of our storm drains go to rivers and can cause flooding

72
Q

public health

A

o Millions of vehicles = billions of litres of gas used
o Emit millions of tonnes of pollution
o 16 000 premature deaths/ yr in Canada
o Air pollution costs Ontario over $1 billion/ yr
 Loss of productivity, people call in sick to work

73
Q

climate change

A

Burning fossil fuels = GHG emission

Current impacts:
 Permafrost thaw
 Accelerated coastal erosion
 Increasing severity of storms and droughts

Future impacts

74
Q

energy

A

Sprawl requires abundant energy

Gas prices important, if cheap = great; if expensive = yikes for them because they need gas to get places

Sprawl requires cheap energy

Suburbs will become much more expensive

75
Q

water quality and quantity

A

Clearing forest and agricultural cover increases runoff

Storm sewers gather oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from pavement and deposits them in rivers and lakes

76
Q

wildlife

A

Expansion into woodlands and wetlands destroys habitat

Primary threat to woodlands and wetlands remaining near Canada’s cities

77
Q

aesthetics + quality of life

A

Absence of a “sense of place”

Social loss – isolation, lack of connectivity, lack of engagement

Those who cannot drive – the poor, the old, the young – are left behind

78
Q

what is smart growth

A

An attempt to make urban development a positive force for the long-term health of the economy, society, and the environment

Ontario did the Greenbelt in 2006

Incentivize places – e.g. want growth on Richmond, so say you’ll fix up transit, etc near Richmond

79
Q

Ontario greenbelt

A

2006
Put some constraint on never-ending expansion/ urban development

Makes places in the greenbelt closer to the city more valuable

Largest greenbelt in world

Own land in green = can’t develop certain things

Some parts of greenbelt are thin – so people will develop right up to both borders and then just commute through the belt because it won’t take long

80
Q

principles of smart growth

A

o Preserve greenspace and farmland
o Integrate land-use and transportation planning
o Make full use of existing urban and infrastructure
o Mix land uses
o Provide a variety of transportation
o Compact building design
o Range of housing opportunities
o Invite walking and biking
o Communities with a strong sense of place

81
Q

levels of economic activity

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

All these levels involve technology
80% - service sector
20% - good producing sector

82
Q

primary

A

– extraction of raw materials - e.g. cut down tree

2% of Ontario’s GDP/ economy comes from primary

Forestry, mining, agriculture

83
Q

secondary

A

– conversion into product

Value added – e.g. turn wood into planks = more valuable

Secondary economic sector built on exporting

84
Q

tertiary

A

– provision of services

E.g. getting you hair done, going to restaurant

Most of economy + where growth is and will continue to grow

85
Q

quaternary

A

– collection, processions, and distribution of info

Basically indistinguishable from tertiary

86
Q

agriculture - historical developmetn

A

Immigrants
• 1800s lots of people came because of land = population grows

Canals for export

Grist mills along rivers

Local consumption increased as population grew

Came across indigenous using land for agriculture
• Started clearing land because it was good – removed deciduous forest

Then started secondary – grist mills

87
Q

agriculture - current ontario

A

Southern Ontario

Ontario is a leader in Canada is total $ value of farm produce

¼ of Canada’s 229 373 farms in 2006

9 million acres of cropland in Ontario in 2006

88
Q

First in total number of farms in Canada

A

Mid north Ontario - some reasonably good agricultural land, but weather not as great as it is here

We have more farms, our farms are diff - they’re smaller area wise so we have more of them

Relatively small acreage

89
Q

agriculture - risk of economic disaster

A

Agriculture is at risk of economic disaster bc too hold too cold, too much rain, not enough ran, avian flu, mad cow disease

Lots of problems beyond control of farmer

Give farmers subsidies so there’s enough food for everyone

Recognize the ups and downs of the farming work

Subsidies + tariffs mean they’re highly subject to what the government decides

90
Q

agriculture - environmental change

A

Actors and reactors to environmental change

Create environmental change - pesticides, insecticide

Affected by environmental change - drought, too hot

91
Q

agriculture - over 200 commodities

A

Means we’re resilient
o If drought, we still have dairy
• Dairy, soybeans, corn, fruits + veggies

More diverse than most parts of the world
- We make same amount from agriculture as Saskatchewan and Alberta

92
Q

agriculture - changes in landscape/ environment

A

• Soil moving around bc the rain washes it into a lake
o Rivers are brown with soil - class 1 agricultural land
o Faster it goes, more it can carry - gets to a lake, drops it
• Rapid and large-scale clearing of land
• Loss of soil
• Altered the flow of rivers
• Fish habitats destroyed
• Flood plains
• Pollution

93
Q

commercial fisheries

A

o Began about 1820
o Expanded 20% per year
o Largest harvests in 1889 and 1899
o Golden days over by late 1950s
 Due to pollution and introduction of invasive
species – not over-fishing
o Approx 80% of value resides with Lake Erie fishery (yellow perch and walleye)
o > 500 active commercial fishing licences in Ontario
o Subsistence fishery – if you go fishing to feed your family

94
Q

commercial fisheries - Province set annual quotas and issues licenses

A

Commercial fishery banned in Lake Ontario – fish not safe to eat

Lake Erie fishery viable in Canada because fish don’t get big enough to be safe to eat

Small fish are what the bigger fish eat, so we stopped fishing so big fish would be big

On US side, commercial fishery is banned, so they fly and monitor the middle of the lake so people don’t fish over the border

95
Q

in 2011 fishing licence holders …

A

Caught nearly 12 000 metric tonnes of fish (~ 26 million pounds)

Hauled in a catch with a dockside value of more than $33 million

Contributed CAD $234 million to Ontario’s economy – not a lot

96
Q

forestry - historical development

A

Early logging reason was to clear land
• As land cleared, population needed buildings – need lumber

1830s – commercial logging began

Paper-making began slowly, now world leaders

Concerns:
• Loss of resource
• Water and land pollution
o Chemicals used in paper making

97
Q

forestry - current ontario

A

80% of Ontario’s area is still forest
• ON has approx 85 billion trees

Many Ontario towns have at least one forest industry

80% of forest owned by province

9% is in parks
• So 90% is under government control

Volatile industry

98
Q

forestry managemetn in ontario

A

10 yr plan for sustainability - monitoring
• Limits amount removed for harvest
• Renewal until “free to grow”
• Protection for water and ecosystem

Include public, indigenous, local consultation

Strong regulation

If forest fire, it will regenerate into a boreal forest because of thin, acidic soil

99
Q

what forestry sector makes

A

In 2011, value of Ontario’s forestry sector = $14 billion

Majority was pulp and paper products = $8 billion

Sawmill, engineered wood and other wood product manufactured = $3.9 billion

Value-added furniture/ kitchen cabinet manufacturing = $2.1 billion

US housing crisis 2008, stopped building houses so stopped ordering wood
• They are major buyers

100
Q

forestry jobs

A

In total, it supports almost 200 000 direct and indirect jobs in over 260 Ontario communities

Of these, 40 are categorized as highly dependent on employment in the forest sector to survive

An additional 63 are identified as being moderately dependent

101
Q

ontario forests

A

Total growing stock – 61% conifer, 39% hardwood
• 5.8 billion m3

Growing stock on public land
• 4.9 billion m3

Annual harvest land
• 22 million m3

Have buffers around lakers, rivers, highways
• Perpetual maintenance

Susceptible to forest fires, - sometimes normal bc lightning
• Jack pine beetle - invasive species that weaken the trees

102
Q

mining

A

o Canadian Shield and the Far North
o Refined in Sudbury and Port Colborne
o Very important – multibillion-dollar industry
o Some ores in decline, others growing
 Price of nickel and uranium high, and not many
other countries sell it so if demand is high, we can
sell for high
o Northern Ontario – boom and bust
o Environmental concerns
o More than 40 mine sites operating in Ontario

103
Q

stuff found when mining

A

Nickel, gold, copper, zinc, and platinum group metals

Salt, gypsum, talc, calcium carbonate, nepheline syenite and other industrial minerals
 Found in great lakes lowland
 What we use in construction

Salt mines bc used to be sea water, so lots of salt deposits
 Most where canadian shield is exposed
 Up north - Ring of fire - where still negotiating with indigenous

104
Q

ontario diamond mine

A

only one

Province’s first diamond mine opened in 2008

Diamond mine - wanted ppl on the Attawapiskat to work at the mine, didn’t work out

105
Q

ontario mining stats

A

Ontario leads Canada in value of non-fuel mineral production in 2013 with 23%

In 2009 Ontario had:	
	34% of Canada’s nickel production
	55% of Canada’s gold production
	25% of Canada’s copper production
	64% of Canada’s platinum group metals production
106
Q

Ontario’s contribution to Canada’s structural materials production in 2009

A 
	Clay products – 72%
	Cement – 42%
	Stone – 40%
	Sand and gravel – 39% 
	Lime – 35%
107
Q

electrical energy - ontario gets its energy from

A 
	Hydroelectricity
	Coal
	Nuclear
	Natural gas
	Other
108
Q

electrical energy - 2004

A

 Nuclear energy – 49%
 Hydro – 24%
 Coal – 17%
• Problematic, so we don’t use a lot
 Natural gas – 7%
• Got from other parts of country
 Other – 2%

109
Q

electrical energy - 2010

A 
	Nuclear – 55%
	Hydro – 20.4%
	Gas – 13.6%
	Coal – 8.3%
	Wind – 1.9%
	Other – 0.8%
110
Q

electrical energy - 2013

A 
	Nuclear – 56.9%
	Hydro – 22.2%
	Gas – 14.7%
	Wind + alternative – 3.4%
	Coal – 2.7%
111
Q

electrical energy - 2016

A 
	Nuclear – 58.5%
	Hydro – 23.3%
	Natural gas – 8.2% 
	Wind – 6.8%
	Solar – 2.2%
	Biomass – 0.5%
	Other – 0.4%
	Phased out coal
112
Q

with nuclear power comes nuclear waste

A

Ontario power generation

They’re been storing radioactive waste on-site, need a place for it bc it’s going for generations
• Suggested deep geologic depository – say it’s isolated from environment

680 m deep (more than CN tower) – will be in a box

1.2 km hypotenuse away from lake

Lots of backlash:
 How will they transport it
 No one wants to live near nuclear dump
 Electricity supply grid is getting more diverse, but
nuclear is huge and there’s waste - 50 yrs been
saying we’ll figure it out

113
Q

industry + manufacturing

A

52% of all manufactured goods in Canada
 Manufacturing sales – ON, QC, AB
 Ontario’s economy structured diff from other parts of Canada
• No other parts have same economic level

Competitive advantages
 Ontario has competitive geographic
advantages – close to market/ buyers
• Easy to transport
 Climate is good

Automobiles
 All car makers gone from Quebec

Move toward hi-tech
Diversity
In decline

114
Q

industry + manufacturing - connected to market

A

In 2012

Ontario companies exported more than $126 billion in products to the US

Daily total 2-way trade in goods between Ontario and the US was valued at over $800 million

Ontario’s total international trade was nearly $900 million per day

115
Q

bridge conencting detroit + windsor

A

Gordie Howe international bridge – Canada paying for all of it

Detroit declared bankruptcy after 2008 crisis

Michigan basically broke
• They didn’t have money to pay for the Windsor/ Detroit bridge
• Will be a toll bridge & Canada will collect toll until the bridge is paid off

They closed border after 9/11 and Canada and US lost billion in economy - need the bridge, need to get across border

116
Q

top export destinations 2013

A

Countries – US, UK, Hong Kong

US states – Michigan, California, NY

Top exports – autos, gold (unwrought), motor vehicle parts

117
Q

automobile industry

A

Vehicle assembly

Home to 5 of world’s top automakers

Produce more cars than any other North American jurisdiction every year for 10 yrs except 2013

Produced 2.37 million cars last year, compared with 2.45 million a year earlier

Saw a drop during US 2008 crisis because people did not have money, so buying a car was their last thought

118
Q

manufacturing future

A

Many jobs in manufacturing industry becoming digitized + computerized

Manufacturing making less of Ontario’s GDP

119
Q

Other tertiary and quaternary industries

A

This is where economy is growing and is expected to continue to grow:

Banking, insurance, investment
Trade, retail, information
News, research & development, education
Computer technology, hospitals, health care, government, communication

120
Q

economic trends

A

Ontario is Canada’s most productive province
 $559 billion
 39% of GDP
 We have most tertiary + quaternary, and far less primary + secondary

Primary and secondary activities giving way to tertiary and quaternary sectors

Industrial to post-industrial economy

Ups and downs similar to global trends

Related to US dollar
 US is our market, so key to us – how much
you get paid vs the cost of making the product
 E.g. 2003 CAD 63 cents to USD $1, in 2013 it
was a little over

Generally more growth and more stability

121
Q

after economic downturn 2008

A

Ontario first to come out of it

More options, more opportunities

Stronger than most places – US, UK

122
Q

heartland vs hinterland - related words

A

 Core vs Periphery

 Metropolis vs Periphery

123
Q

what is heartland - hinterland

A

Heartland-Hinterland system model provides framework for examining, at various geographic scales, the movement of people, goods and services, investment capital, and technology from one region to another

124
Q

heartland

A 
o	Small land area
o	High concentration of population
o	Highly urbanized population
o	Corporate control
o	Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities dominate
o	Industrial core
o	Cities with diversified economies
o	Good physical qualities 
o	Access to markets
o	Well integrated system of cities – greater golden horseshoe
o	Capacity for innovation and change
o	Economic, social, and political power
125
Q

hinterland

A 
o	The rest (large land area)
o	Low concentration of population
o	Scattered population
o	More rural population
o	Lower incomes
    	Because of fewer economic activities – e.g. one major employer = fewer opportunities
o	Primary activities dominate
o	Produce few finished goods
o	Towns with specialized economies
o	More unemployment 
o	Lower market potential
o	Weakly integrated urban systems
o	Limited innovative capacity
o	Limited political power
o	Dependency upon heartland
126
Q

heartland process

A 
o	Origin of a heartland is primarily economic
     -	However, end result of heartland-hinterland relationship is allocation of power to the heartland and the creation of a dependency relationship
o	Growth process that is self-sustaining
o	Threshold population
o	Economies of scale
     - 	Everybody specializing what they’re good at – so get more stuff for same amount of people and resources
o	Growth attracts more growth
o	Economies of agglomeration
o	Demand for staple commodities
o	Purchases resources from hinterland
o	Government transfers
o	Cultural transfers
127
Q

Exchange provides hinterland with:

A 
Capital
Labour
Technology
Entrepreneurship
Other
128
Q

ontario as heartland

A

Windsor-Quebec Axis

Southern area from Windsor to Quebec where most people live

Other smaller regional heartlands:

Vancouver, Edmonton/ Calgary, Winnipeg, Halifax

South central Ontario and the golden horseshoe

129
Q

golden horseshoe

A

Agricultural, commercial, and industrial belt

Along the western end of Lake Ontario between St Catherine’s and Oshawa

130
Q
  • Ontario as Heartland (1945 – 1970)
A

Ontario prospered – diverse economy & power

Economic management of Canada linked to Ontario

Ontario supported strong federal government

Preserved central role by blocking attempts by other provinces to gather more powers

In favour of NAFTA

131
Q
  • Ontario as Heartland (Since 1970)
A

o Rifts with the rest of Canada
o Are our interests compatible?
o Heartland – not strong enough term
o Ontario prominent on a continental scale
o Ontario needs a more continental orientation?

132
Q

canada population zones

A

NY market is close

Alberta sells oil to US
 Alberta’s GDP directly related to price of oil
 Not a large market under prairies
 Cali, Texas, NY are big markets – Cali + Texas are far

133
Q

north-south east-west trade

A

Ontario’s trade as percent of GDP – 1989 – year we signed free trade agreement

1988 – had election about free trade agreement with US

Black line – international exports - increases
Grey line – interprovincial exports – decreases

Transformative for Ontario’s economy – not really for Canada

Opened a market that wasn’t there for all things particualry secondary and teritary

134
Q

free trade

A

– no tariffs when selling across borders

• Got rid of ~ 95% of taxes

135
Q
  • Ontario has strong reputation as a hub for global business
A

3rd largest economy in North America – Cali, NY, Ontario

3rd largest economy in North America – Cali, NY, Ontario – for FDI projects

Forbes magazine – Ontario a top destination for FDI in North America and top rankings in job creation, tax reform, and health care

Site selection magazine – ranked Ontario as Canada’s most competitive province

136
Q

federal parliament

A

o Representation by population
o Used to have 308 seats
 106 in Ontario

137
Q

federal parliament - seats

A

Every 10 yrs, make sure each province in adequately represented by population

Done using census data

Provincial quotient is most important to look at as Areej
• Diff provinces have diff quotients
• Means that many ppl voting to get that person to Ottawa
• ON, AB, BC get fewer reps/ person, so population per riding is not equal

Pop growth happened and we didn’t account for it in our federal govt
• So basically so many ppl in ON/ AB/ BC so not enough ppl repping

Still gave quebec seats even though their pop is declining
• I guess their pop is diff culture, so I guess they can have more seats

Basically the unequal seats means a vote in diff parts in canada has diff weight everyone else
 Disproportional
 We are underrepresented in federal govt
• Need to give them more represenation by population bc pop growth, so need to add more seats

138
Q

ontario in confederation

A 
o	Geographic situation
o	Population
o	Economy
o	Political power
o	Connection with federal government
o	Connection with other provinces
o	Connection with US
139
Q

what makes regions regions?

A

underpinning
“regions of the mind”
regional disconnect

140
Q

underpinnings - regions

A

 Geographic proximity
 Economic/ political
 Fiscal
• Government gets more revenue and gives it out for social services so all needs are met
• Have and Have-not provinces
o Provinces that make more and get more
o Provinces that make less and get more
 Cultural
• Quebec culture diff from culture in territories

141
Q

Regions of the Mind”

A

 Imagines communities

 Regional identity

142
Q

o Regional Discontent

A

 Regional discontentment must be mobilized

143
Q

region-state

A

Courchene and Telmer
Ontario as a region-state

Why?
 Globalization
 Move to an information economy
 Fiscal decentralization in Canada
• Federal gov giving provinces control over revenue from primary
• Allow provinces to generate revenue for their own use at their own discretion from primary economic

Doesn’t really affect Ontario – we only get 2%

144
Q

characteristics of a region state

A

Outwardly/internationally oriented economy (Great Lakes economy)

Government and policy activity to develop that economy

Appropriate scale and size to be natural business unit (Ontario vs Golden Horseshoe)

145
Q

implications of ontario as a region state

A

Policies to enhance Ontario’s ability to compete in NA & global marketplace

NA & global marketplace influence Ontario’s policies

Canada less a single E-W economy

More a series of N-S economies
 More w US than with Canada

Challenge of Ontario as a region state
o To maintain east-west social, economic, and political union in face of north-south trading nexus

EU is a region state because they can trade freely between countries

146
Q

canada trade agreements

A

Autopact in 60s

Free trade agreement in 80s
 Signed in 1989
 Cancelable in 6 months notice – the people (John Turner) arguing in the video
 Stayed this long, until last year 2018 when Trump canceled it
 Free trade – facilitating movement of goods and services across border unencumbered by rules, regulations, taxes to make it easier and like there is not border
• Things moving across border without tariffs
 Our fear is losing identity/ control
• e.g. when trump cut the free trade agreement

Added Mexico in 1993 – became NA free trade agreement (NAFTA) in 90s

USMCA – signed but not ratified – based off NAFTA

147
Q
  • Longest east-west distance
A

1690 km

148
Q

Longest north-south distance

A

1730 km

149
Q

largest freshwater isladn

A
  • Manitoulin Island in Georgian Bay is the world’s largest freshwater island
  • 2,766 square kilometres
150
Q

ONtario time zones + st sault marie fact

A
  • Sault Ste. Marie is the Ontario city located closest to the halfway point of the Trans-Canada Highway that runs from Victoria, British Columbia to St. John’s, Newfoundland
  • Ontario is home to more than one time zone
    Boundary line between the Central Time Zone and Eastern Time Zone is just west of Thunder Bay running north from the United States border to Hudson Bay
151
Q

Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions:

A

□ Northwestern Ontario

□ Northeastern Ontario

152
Q

Southern Ontario is further sub-divided into four regions:

A

Central Ontario (although not actually the province’s geographic centre)

Eastern Ontario

Golden Horseshoe

Southwestern Ontario (parts of which were formerly referred to as Western Ontario)

153
Q

niagara escarpment facts

A

Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87% of the surface area of the province

Southern Ontario contains 94% of the population

Composed of the Lockport geological formation of Silurian age, and is similar to the Onondaga geological formation, which runs parallel to it and just to the south, through the western portion of New York and southern Ontario

In February 1990, the Niagara Escarpment was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, making it one of twelve in Canada
Development and land use on and adjacent to the physical escarpment is regulated by the Niagara Escarpment Commission, an agency of the Ontario government

154
Q

Ontario has 3 main climatic regions

A

Parts of Southwestern Ontario have a moderate humid continental climate

Central and Eastern Ontario have a more severe humid continental climate

The northernmost parts of Ontario — primarily north of 50N have a subarctic climate with long, severely cold winters and short, cool to warm summers with dramatic temperature changes possible in all seasons

155
Q

Parts of Southwestern Ontario have a moderate humid continental climate

A

This region has warm, humid summers and cold winters

Annual precipitation ranges from 75–100cm + well distributed throughout the year with a usual summer peak

Most of this region lies in the lee of the Great Lakes making for abundant snow in some areas

Point Pelee and Middle Island, the southernmost parts of the country, are at the dividing line of a humid continental climate and a humid subtropical climate

156
Q

Central and Eastern Ontario have a more severe humid continental climate

A

This region has warm and sometimes hot summers with colder longer winters, with ample snowfall and roughly equal annual precipitation as the rest of Southern Ontario

Along the eastern shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, frequent heavy lake-effect snow squalls increase seasonal snowfall totals upwards of 3m in some places

157
Q

northernmost parts of ontario

A

With no major mountain ranges blocking sinking Arctic air masses, temperatures of −40°C are not uncommon, snowfall remains on the ground for sometimes over half a year

Precipitation is generally less than 70cm

158
Q

storms in ontario

A

Severe and non-severe thunderstorms peak in summer

London - in Southern (Southwestern) Ontario

Has most lightning strikes per year in Canada

Avg 34 days of thunderstorm activity per year

In a typical year, Ontario averages 15 confirmed tornado touchdowns

They are rarely destructive (the majority between F0 to F2 on the Fujita scale)

Tropical depression remnants occasionally bring heavy rains and winds in the south, but are rarely deadly

A notable exception was Hurricane Hazel which struck Toronto, in October 1954

Winter storms can disrupt power supply and transportation, severe ice storms can also occur, especially in the east

159
Q

great lakes basin

A

The Great Lakes Basin covers an area of 750,000 square kilometres; this basin includes eight U.S. states, most of southern Ontario and extends into northern Ontario

More than 98% of Ontario residents – 13 million people – live within the Great Lakes Basin

Most live near the shores, in eight of Canada’s 20 largest cities, which include Toronto, Hamilton, Windsor and Sarnia

People of Ontario depend on the Great Lakes for their drinking water

Over 70%, or 3/4 residents, get their drinking water from the lakes

160
Q

4 forest regions in ontario

A

Hudson bay lowlands (subarctic barrens)
§ Contains 19% of Ontario’s forests

Boreal forest, the largest forest region in Ontario and Canada
§ Contains 58% of Ontario’s forests

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence
§ Contains 19% of Ontario’s forests

Deciduous forest (Southern Ontario) 
       § Contains 3% of Ontario’s forests
161
Q

sudbury - mining

A

Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals

The largest + best known → Sudbury

Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater

Ejecta from the meteorite impact was found in the Rove Formation in May 2007

The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin

This suggests it could be a second metal-rich impact crater

162
Q

Most of Canada’s recent population growth focused on 4 regions:

A

British Columbia’s Lower Mainland and southern Vancouver Island

Edmonton-Calgary corridor

Toronto’s Golden Horseshoe region along Lake Ontario and up to Lake Simcoe

Greater Montreal area

163
Q

Some cities have started environmentally benign planning:

A

Curitiba - a Brazilian city
- Came up with plan to integrate traffic management, transportation, and land-use planning, with main roads modified to give public transport the highest priority

Singapore

  • Placed limitations on the purchase and use of cars
  • Developing new neighbourhoods around subway stations

Central London
- Number of private cars reduced by 20 per cent through “congestion pricing”
Fee for cars to enter the central city
Money collected from these fees will be used to improve public transport

164
Q

surburb house price

A

Suburban house price is artificially lower as a result of significant government subsidies

Provincial and local funds (including some raised by “development charges” levied on builders and passed on to homebuyers) pay for the infrastructure of roads, water and sewage lines and new schools

If these costs and the costs of environmental impacts were included, then suburban housing loses some of its price advantage over traditional neighbourhoods

165
Q

is sprawl sustainable

A

Suburban sprawl is not sustainable

Relies on transportation that consumes fossil fuel at wasteful rates

Diminishes scarce agricultural land and assaults natural habitat on a massive scale

166
Q

ontario in the creative age - main idea

A

Our economy is shifting away from jobs based largely on physical skills or repetitive tasks to ones that require analytical skills and judgment

transformation involves moving from routine-oriented jobs to creativity-oriented jobs

167
Q

retune ontario’s economy by

A

Harnessing creative potential of all Ontarians
Broaden our talent base
Establish new social safety nets
Build province-wide geographic advantage

168
Q

routine-oriented jobs

A

Require workers to carry out tasks in a prescribed order or to do the same tasks repetitively according to a pre-ordained set of operating procedures

Run an algorithm – a specific set of procedures that will produce the desired result

e.g. assembly line in a factory

169
Q

creativity-oriented jobs

A

Apply thinking skills and knowledge to changing situations and to make decisions on how best to proceed

e.g. lawyers, analysts, scientists

170
Q

rising inequality in routine/ creativity oriented jobs

A

More money made in creative jobs than routine jobs

Physical labour workers declining as a percentage of the total work force and are much more likely to be unemployed, especially in an economic downturn

Need to improve the wages and working conditions of those who work in the routine-oriented jobs

Service occupation workers - there are lots because of rise of creative occupations - e.g. retail clerks, restaurant and hotel staff

Those in the creativity-oriented occupations rely on people in the service economy

Service economy is the supporting infrastructure of the creative age

171
Q

job trends - ontario creative age

A

Routine-oriented PHYSICAL jobs have declined

Routine-oriented SERVICE jobs have grown
those in these jobs more likely to be part-time

Creativity-oriented and routine-oriented SERVICE occupations will continue to grow much faster than routine-physical occupations

172
Q

transformation will benefit ontario in 2 ways

A

1) Economic growth will no longer be limited by physical resources and hours in a day, since creativity is potentially a limitless resource
2) Participation in the creative economy can grow beyond the third of occupations that are creativity-oriented

173
Q

3 set of skills play role in our economy

A

1) Physical skills
§ e.g. lifting and manual dexterity are the ones we honed in the old manufacturing economy
§ Steel workers, firefighters, electricians, etc.

2 creative skills matter more now
§ Next 2 are creativity-oriented, 1 is routine-oriented

2) Analytical skills
§ e.g. pattern recognition and problem solving are extremely important to the knowledge-driven economy
§ Surgeons, biomed engineers, etc.

3) Social intelligence skills
§ Situational sensitivity and persuasiveness
□ Required for team building and the mobilization of a group’s skills
§ Psychiatrists, lawyers, marketing managers, chief execs, etc.

174
Q

economic development driven by 3 Ts

A

Tolerance
§ Open + tolerant to diversity/ diverse ppl who want to join the field

Talent
§ Prosperity is closely associated with concentrations of highly educated people
□ Known as human capital

Technology
§ A public and private good that increases wealth, attracts talent to regions, and leads to economic growth

geo 2011 (2 decks)

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