test 1

Question 1

discovery science

Answer 1

Often called descriptive or comparative biology; often uses inductive logic or reasoning—drawing generalizations from observations, often produces qualitative data (descriptions), but also quantitative data (numbers):

e.g., “The egrets fly to their roost each evening to sleep”

Question 2

induction

Answer 2

drawing conclusions or making predictions from specific observations without prior knowledge of a system.

Martian arriving on earth sees that the sun rises in the east. It always rises in the east.

The motorcycle horn sounds with each bump. It will sound with the next bump.

Question 3

deduction

Answer 3

drawing conclusions and making predictions based on prior knowledge of a system.

The motorcycle horn is electronic, thus the problem is probably with connecting wire or sounding button.

Question 4

hypothesis based science

Answer 4

Hypotheses are formed based on observations and then tested with controlled experiments.

Observation: a scientist observes a phenomenon and conceives of explanations for that phenomenon using deduction

• Hypothesis: the scientist creates an hypothesis based on the observations
• Experimentation (with control): the scientist conducts an experiment that includes “controls”, i.e., similar comparisons that should not react according to the hypothesis
• Data Collection and Analysis:
• Conclusion: The hypothesis is supported or falsified (proven wrong)

-New Hypothesis/Replication:
If the original hypothesis is wrong, a new one is tested.
If the original hypothesis is right, more experiments might be conducted to support it (i.e., the work is replicated).

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

untested assumption

Question 6

isotope

Answer 6

atoms of a single element with different number of neutrons

Question 7

energy levels of electron shells

Answer 7

3rd shell: highest energy
2nd shell: higher energy
1st shell: lowest energy

Question 8

the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Answer 8

Potential energy

Question 9

formed by sharing electrons between atoms

Answer 9

covalent bond

Question 10

A(n) ___ bond holds NaCl together

Answer 10

ionic

Question 11

These are weak forces that occur when transiently positive and negative regions of molecules attract each other
They can reinforce large molecules like the protein at the right
They help molecules adhere to one another

Answer 11

van der Waals interactions

Question 12

why is water polar?

Answer 12

● Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
● That means it pulls electrons from hydrogen
● That causes the water molecule to be polar—different charges on opposite sides
● Its polarity leads to H-bonds—4 per molecule

Question 13

what is makes a molecule polar?

Answer 13

one side has a net negative charge and the other a net positive charge

Question 14

H-bond nature

Answer 14

They are weak—1/20 the strength of covalent bonds

They are ephemeral—constantly forming, breaking, and reforming

They are additive—although individually weak, h-bonds add up to a lot of strength when many are formed

Question 15

effect of H bonding and polarity on water

Answer 15

• cohesion and adhesion
• Heat retention
• The relatively light weight of ice
• Solubility of water friendly molecules
• pH

Question 16

Cohesion: The attraction between molecules of water causes them to “stick” together. Think snot or goo. Surface tension in water is caused by cohesion

Answer 16

cohesion

Question 17

sticking of water molecules to surfaces (adhering to them)

Answer 17

adhesion

Question 18

what gives plants the ability to transport of water against gravity?

Answer 18

cohesion and adhesion

Question 19

How does water get from the roots to the leaves?

Answer 19

Water evaporates or is consumed in leaves, causing a “vacuum”, which pulls it up tubes in the plant (xylem). The water isn’t pulled down by gravity because its cohesion it holds together and it sticks by adhesion to the edge of the xylem.

Question 20

The ___ atoms & molecules move, the ____ their kinetic energy

Answer 20

faster, greater

Question 21

the total kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter (thus heat is related to volume)

Answer 21

heat

Question 22

intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy in molecules regardless of volume

Answer 22

temperature

Question 23

specific heat

Answer 23

the heat required to change 1 g of a substance by 1oC

Question 24

why does water have a high specific heat?

Answer 24

H bonds make it difficult to move water molecules (difficult to increase their kinetic energy) because the molecules are attached to one another. Since they are difficult to move, more input of energy is required to make them move, i.e., increase the temperature of the water.

Question 25

by the law of energy conservation, when water molecules become gas they take a large amount of heat from the liquid with them, as expressed by their high kinetic energy (rapid movement)

When water gas condenses, the high kinetic energy of the gas
molecules is transferred to the surrounding air molecules.

Answer 25

by the law of energy conservation, when water molecules become gas they take a large amount of heat from the liquid with them, as expressed by their high kinetic energy (rapid movement)

When water gas condenses, the high kinetic energy of the gas
molecules is transferred to the surrounding air molecules.

Question 26

Evaporation follows the Law of Energy Conservation—if one thing gains energy, another must lose it.

Answer 26

Evaporation follows the Law of Energy Conservation—if one thing gains energy, another must lose it.

Question 27

why does ice float in water?

Answer 27

When water freezes, its H-bonds form a stable, crystal lattice which increases the distance among molecules.

Question 28

solute + solvent =

Answer 28

solution

Question 29

aqueous solution

Answer 29

one in which water is the solvent. The solutes are either polar or ionic. Otherwise they don’t dissolve.

Question 30

definition of life

Answer 30

• -Order –Response to Environment
• -Reproduction –Homeostasis
• -Energy use –Evolutionary adaptation

Question 31

concept of emergent properties

Answer 31

These are properties that result from the arrangement and interaction of parts. An emergent property is more than just the sum of the parts of a system.

Question 32

systems biology

Answer 32

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts.

In this context, a single leaf cell can be considered a system, as can a frog, an ant colony, or a desert ecosystem.

Question 33

biological determinism

Answer 33

all human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes

Question 34

a nonpolar organic molecule. It has no net charges. Such molecules are not soluble in water

Answer 34

methane

Question 35

Adding acid to a solution increases ____.

Answer 35

[H+]

hydrogen ion concentration

Question 36

adding base to a solution ____ [H+]

Answer 36

decreased

Question 37

buffer

Answer 37

weak acids or bases that help stabilize the pH of a solution.

Question 38

The first and most important step in determining the protein’s shape is …..

Answer 38

the order in which amino acids are strung together