test 1 Flashcards
discovery science
Often called descriptive or comparative biology; often uses inductive logic or reasoning—drawing generalizations from observations, often produces qualitative data (descriptions), but also quantitative data (numbers):
e.g., “The egrets fly to their roost each evening to sleep”
induction
drawing conclusions or making predictions from specific observations without prior knowledge of a system.
Martian arriving on earth sees that the sun rises in the east. It always rises in the east.
The motorcycle horn sounds with each bump. It will sound with the next bump.
deduction
drawing conclusions and making predictions based on prior knowledge of a system.
The motorcycle horn is electronic, thus the problem is probably with connecting wire or sounding button.
hypothesis based science
Hypotheses are formed based on observations and then tested with controlled experiments.
Observation: a scientist observes a phenomenon and conceives of explanations for that phenomenon using deduction
- Hypothesis: the scientist creates an hypothesis based on the observations
- Experimentation (with control): the scientist conducts an experiment that includes “controls”, i.e., similar comparisons that should not react according to the hypothesis
- Data Collection and Analysis:
- Conclusion: The hypothesis is supported or falsified (proven wrong)
-New Hypothesis/Replication:
If the original hypothesis is wrong, a new one is tested.
If the original hypothesis is right, more experiments might be conducted to support it (i.e., the work is replicated).
hypothesis
untested assumption
isotope
atoms of a single element with different number of neutrons
energy levels of electron shells
3rd shell: highest energy
2nd shell: higher energy
1st shell: lowest energy
the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
Potential energy
formed by sharing electrons between atoms
covalent bond
A(n) ___ bond holds NaCl together
ionic
These are weak forces that occur when transiently positive and negative regions of molecules attract each other
They can reinforce large molecules like the protein at the right
They help molecules adhere to one another
van der Waals interactions
why is water polar?
● Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
● That means it pulls electrons from hydrogen
● That causes the water molecule to be polar—different charges on opposite sides
● Its polarity leads to H-bonds—4 per molecule
what is makes a molecule polar?
one side has a net negative charge and the other a net positive charge
H-bond nature
They are weak—1/20 the strength of covalent bonds
They are ephemeral—constantly forming, breaking, and reforming
They are additive—although individually weak, h-bonds add up to a lot of strength when many are formed
effect of H bonding and polarity on water
- cohesion and adhesion
- Heat retention
- The relatively light weight of ice
- Solubility of water friendly molecules
- pH
Cohesion: The attraction between molecules of water causes them to “stick” together. Think snot or goo. Surface tension in water is caused by cohesion
cohesion
sticking of water molecules to surfaces (adhering to them)
adhesion
what gives plants the ability to transport of water against gravity?
cohesion and adhesion
How does water get from the roots to the leaves?
Water evaporates or is consumed in leaves, causing a “vacuum”, which pulls it up tubes in the plant (xylem). The water isn’t pulled down by gravity because its cohesion it holds together and it sticks by adhesion to the edge of the xylem.
The ___ atoms & molecules move, the ____ their kinetic energy
faster, greater
the total kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter (thus heat is related to volume)
heat
intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy in molecules regardless of volume
temperature
specific heat
the heat required to change 1 g of a substance by 1oC
why does water have a high specific heat?
H bonds make it difficult to move water molecules (difficult to increase their kinetic energy) because the molecules are attached to one another. Since they are difficult to move, more input of energy is required to make them move, i.e., increase the temperature of the water.
by the law of energy conservation, when water molecules become gas they take a large amount of heat from the liquid with them, as expressed by their high kinetic energy (rapid movement)
When water gas condenses, the high kinetic energy of the gas
molecules is transferred to the surrounding air molecules.
by the law of energy conservation, when water molecules become gas they take a large amount of heat from the liquid with them, as expressed by their high kinetic energy (rapid movement)
When water gas condenses, the high kinetic energy of the gas
molecules is transferred to the surrounding air molecules.
Evaporation follows the Law of Energy Conservation—if one thing gains energy, another must lose it.
Evaporation follows the Law of Energy Conservation—if one thing gains energy, another must lose it.
why does ice float in water?
When water freezes, its H-bonds form a stable, crystal lattice which increases the distance among molecules.
solute + solvent =
solution
aqueous solution
one in which water is the solvent. The solutes are either polar or ionic. Otherwise they don’t dissolve.
definition of life
- -Order –Response to Environment
- -Reproduction –Homeostasis
- -Energy use –Evolutionary adaptation
concept of emergent properties
These are properties that result from the arrangement and interaction of parts. An emergent property is more than just the sum of the parts of a system.
systems biology
the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts.
In this context, a single leaf cell can be considered a system, as can a frog, an ant colony, or a desert ecosystem.
biological determinism
all human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes
a nonpolar organic molecule. It has no net charges. Such molecules are not soluble in water
methane
Adding acid to a solution increases ____.
[H+]
hydrogen ion concentration
adding base to a solution ____ [H+]
decreased
buffer
weak acids or bases that help stabilize the pH of a solution.
The first and most important step in determining the protein’s shape is …..
the order in which amino acids are strung together
