test 1 2nd half Flashcards
hydrocarbons
high energy, hydrophobic, only contain C and H, no Oxygen or Nitrogen
They can be straight chains, branched chains, or rings
a fatty acid has…
hydrocarbon tail
and a head of glycerin
(similar to gasoline)
dehydration reaction
reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule
structural isomer
One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
geometric isomers
variation in arrangement about a double bond
cis and trans
enantiomers
variation in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon
mirror images of one another
complex carbohydrates are strings of ____
glucoses
condensation (dehydration) reactions form the bonds between biochemical monomers.
Water is formed when the monomers join together—hence the names of the reactions.
polymerization
dehydration synthesis
joins monomers into polymers
hydrolysis
water is added to a reaction and breaks polymers into monomers
prokaryotes
- They are unusually small
- They have no nucleus or other membrane-bound internal structures
- They have one chromosome
- They possess a cell wall
eukaryotes
They are larger than prokaryotes
- They have a nucleus
- They have multiple chromosomes
- They have membrane bound internal organelles
secondary structures formed by interactions of the molecules backbone with itself by….
H-bonds, which are formed between carbonyl and amino groups in the backbone
plant cells have
Chloroplasts
A Central Vacuole
Plasmodesmata
A Cell Wal
A nuclear envelope consisting of
two phospholipid bilayers
chromatin
chromosome material (DNA & protein). The DNA is transcribed into RNA.
nucleolus
ribosome subunits are assembled and exported to the cytoplasm
ribosomes
complex molecular machines composed of rRNA and proteins. purpose is to manufacture proteins by translating RNA.
they do this in the cytoplasm
ribosomes bound in the endoplasmic reticulum…
make proteins for membrane construction and proteins for export
rough er mainly produces….
proteins that will be secreted from the cell
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENDOMEMBRANES
iNuclear envelope is connected to the ER membrane:
The ER sends vesicles golgi. The golgi processes their ingredients and sends lysosomes to the cytoplasm and vacuoles/vesicles Plasma Membrane for export out of the cell
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENDOMEMBRANES
Nuclear envelope is connected to the ER membrane:
The ER sends vesicles golgi. The golgi processes their ingredients and sends lysosomes to the cytoplasm and vacuoles/vesicles Plasma Membrane for export out of the cell
