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Crime 1208 > Test#1 > Flashcards

Test#1 Flashcards

1
Q

Applied Research

A
  • Need for specific facts and findings with policy implications
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2
Q

Conceptualization

A

-Specifying what data will be collected as evidence of variables of interest

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3
Q

Descriptive Research

A
  • Researcher observes and then describes what was seen
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4
Q

Explanatory Research

A
  • Why some people feel a certain way

ex. Why do people favour cops

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5
Q

Exploratory Research

A
  • More specific problem to research

ex. People favour cops

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6
Q

Methodology

A
  • How social science methods can be used to better understand crime and criminal justice problems
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7
Q

Operationalization

A
  • Specify steps/proceudres to ID/measure variables
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8
Q

Replication

A

-Repeating research study to test findings of earlier study

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9
Q

Axioms

A
  • Basic assumptions about reality taken as true; usually rep. relationship btwn 2 concepts
  • People are deterred from committing crime because stressful act
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10
Q

Propositions

A

-conclusions about relationships btwn multiple concepts based on logical interrelationships among axioms

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11
Q

nomothetic

A
  • Explores fewer, most important causal explanations affect groups
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12
Q

idiographic

A
  • explores many, unique causal relationships affect individuals
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13
Q

Qualitative Data (Analytic approaches)

A
  • More descriptive, experiences, opinions
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14
Q

Quantitative Data (Analytic approaches)

A
  • Focuses on numbers, percentages
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15
Q

Objective

A

-Statement or fact, based on statistics

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16
Q

Subjectivity

A
  • Based on personal impressions or “feelings”
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17
Q

Objectivity

A
  • “Independent of mind”, not utilized

- Instead use intersubjective agreement (multiple agree something exists= treat as objective)

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18
Q

Observation

A
  • Info gathering of experience of what may/may not exist

- ex. Watching, score/performance

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19
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • Specific expectations about empirical reality, derived form propositions
  • more specific and concrete
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20
Q

Traditional model of science

A
  1. Theory
  2. Conceptualization
  3. Operationalization
  4. Observation
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21
Q

Grounded Theory

A
  • A type of inductive theory based on (grounded in) field observation
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22
Q

Paradigm

A
  • A fundamental model or frame of reference that we use to organize our observations and reasoning
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23
Q

Anonymity

A
  • Researcher can never link identity of participant to their responses/data (can’t reveal)
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24
Q

Confidentiality

A
  • Researcher can link data to participant, but promises not to do so publicly (won’t reveal)
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25
Q

How to uphold confidentiality/anonymity principles (3 ways)

A
  1. Replace names/addresses with id’s
  2. Specify if survey is anonymous or confidential
  3. Specify info will not be disclosed to 3rd parties
26
Q

Necessary cause

A
  • Must occur for effect to occur

- ex. being charged before being convicted

27
Q

Belmont report

A
  • ethical principles for protecting human rights
28
Q

Ethical

A
  • Conforming to the norms or standards a group
29
Q

Informed consent

A
  • Agreement to participate in research after being informed about goals, procedures and potential risks
30
Q

Special populations

A
  • Groups such as prisoners or juveniles that require special protections
31
Q

Unit of Analysis (4)

A
  • What/who is studied (not always what/who was observed)

- Individual, group, organization, social artifacts

32
Q

Individual (UOFA)

A
  • examine characteristics within specific population

- ex. police, victims

33
Q

Groups (UOFA)

A
  • Examine characteristics of groups as unitary entities

- Ex. gangs, cities

34
Q

Organizations (UOFA)

A

Examine formal groups within est. leaders/rules

-ex. prisons, drug treatment

35
Q

Social Artifacts (UOFA)

A
  • Examine characteristics of social behaviours and events

- ex. police reports, internet posts

36
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A
  • single point in time observed
  • simple, less costly
  • usually descriptive or exploratory
  • limits conclusions about cause and effect order
37
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Permit observations over time

38
Q

Trend studies

A
  • Studies change within a general population over time
39
Q

cohort studies

A
  • Studies change in specific population over time
40
Q

Panel

A

Like cohort, but some participants are studied 2x or more

41
Q

Conception

A
  • Mental image
42
Q

Concept

A
  • Word, label, phrase
43
Q

Conceptualization

A
  • Definition of concepts that have indicators and multiple attributes
44
Q

Operationalization

A
  • Specific definitions of plan for how to measure concepts
45
Q

Measurement

A
  • Details of making direct observations based on above (5 W’s and H)
46
Q

Exhaustive

A
  • All attributes of variables observed

ex. Include all races in race question

47
Q

Mutually Exclusive

A
  • Each observation has only one attribute

- Check off one block? some people are in between

48
Q

Nominal

A
  • Names/labels are attributes
49
Q

Ordinal

A
  • Attributes can be rank-ordered
  • Can determine highest but not difference btwn
  • ex. education, race scores, opinions
50
Q

Interval

A
  • Meaningful distance btwn attributes
  • No zero
  • ex. temperature, IQ
51
Q

Ratio

A
  • Has true zero point

- ex. Age, income, # of years in school

52
Q

Reliability

A
  • If we measure same thing repeatedly, will it yield same results?
  • Problem = Reification
53
Q

Reification

A
  • May not measure what you say regardless of getting the same results
54
Q

Measurement Validity

A
  • Does measurement = reality?
55
Q

Test-Retest

A
  • Same measure = same result each time
56
Q

Inter-rate reliability

A
  • Different raters used to verify measurement consistency

- ex. fill out checklists in same way

57
Q

Split-half method

A
  • Measure concept more than one-way

- Do all questions equally predict phenomena observed

58
Q

UCR (uniform crime responses) data

A
  • Summary based group level unit of analysis
  • Details of reported and cleared crimes/offenders
  • Data collection/reporting=standardized
  • Unit of analysis= incidents (social artifacts)
59
Q

Victimization surveys

A
  • Data on ind/incidents (social artifacts)
  • GSS
  • every 5 years
  • Ask about 8 type 1 offences
60
Q

Self-report surveys

A
  • Offenders

- Often confidential interviews or anonymous survey, usually w/ youth

Crime 1208 (2 decks)

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