Test 1 Flashcards

Question

Coagulations studies Lab tests

Answer 1

Prothrombin time (PT) - used to determine coagulability and monitor anticoagulant therapy (heparin, warafin). Ho wlong it takes for blood clot International Normalized ratio (INR) - Measures the time it takes for blood to clto and compares to an avg. Patrial Thromboplastin time (PTT) - Measures of clot time

Answer 2

Statuc lung volumes Dynamic breathing tests Physiologic tests: tests airways and lung structures. Record volumes of air moved by lungs during respiration and how well O2 is moved into the blood

Answer 3

Increased HR and BP changesin respiratory system Release of glucose and adrenaline Redirection of blood supply (brain and muscles) Decreaseed blood clotting time Increase sweat production Decrease paristalsis and gut function contraction of spleen decreased immune response (chronic)

Answer 4

Excessive use of mood effecting chemicals Alcoholism, drug, tabacco, ceffiene, use of alcohol with meds Biochemical disorder: may activate brain centers that regulate arousal, reward and satisfaction (dopamine receptors) 50-80% of SCI, TBI were injured while under tht influence

Answer 5

Anerexia Nervosa Bulima Nervosa Binge-eating disorder

Answer 6

Vital sign instability Muscular weakness/cramping Por posture Overuse inj Easy bruising Poor wound healing

Answer 7

Electrolyte imbalance Edema and dehydration Cardio abnormalities Kidney Dysfunction Neurologic abnormalities Endocrine dysfunction Muscle weakness Psychologic disturbance

Answer 8

Dilerium Motor hyperactivity Hyperalertness Diaphoresis HTN Pounding HA N/V/D Anxiety Irritability Tachycardia Abd pain Anorexia

Answer 9

Somatoform Disorder: Physical symptoms caused by psychological factors. No cause for physical pain Hypochondriasis - Aches and pains are thought to be worse than they are Pain disorder - experience pain without a cause Conversion disorder - SYptoms that are experienced have characteristics of neurological disorders

Answer 10

Treats psychosis Used to help normalize thought disturbances SIde effects: pseudoparksonism, dystonis, restlessness, involuntary mvmts, dry mouth, blurred vision, hypotension Long term: can cause neurological, musculoskeletal, psychological side effects

Answer 11

Relax REduce coordination Orthostatic falls

Answer 12

Unipolar depression Bipolar depression Organic mood disorder - changes in brain assoc with trauma or disease (TBI, MS) Schizophrenia Seasonal affective disorder Depression

Answer 13

Mood stabilizer Controls manic episodes

Answer 14

Pain that persists past normal healing time (3-6 months) Conditions: Arthritis, back pain, neuralgia, peripheral neuropathies, PVD, Hyperesthesia, phantom pain, fibromyalgia, spinal stenosis Pt focus: Increase function, not pain relief

Answer 15

Genreal emotional state of fear usually assoc with a heightened state of physiologic arousal Panic disorder Obsesive Compulsive Disorder Post traumatic stress disorder Phobia disorders

Answer 16

Alleviate depression or anxiety Side effects: Dry outh Blurred visoi Orthostatic hypertension Cardiac (arrythmias, tachycardia) HA

Answer 17

Corticosteroids Digoxin Aminoglycoside antibiotic Anticoagulants Insulin (o.d) Aspirin Tranquilizers Seductive - hpnotics Antacids

Answer 18

Dry mouth Restlessness Nausea Orthostatis hypertension Depression Confusion, delirium Constipation Incontinence Fatigue Impaired memory/concentration Extrapyramidal sydrome (involuntary muscle mvmnts)

Answer 19

Repetitve involuntary purposless mvmnts (tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering lips, rapid eye blinking) Developed after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs

Answer 20

Observe and communicate Known common drugs and their side effects Exercise influences how meds are metabolized, absorbed, distributed, and excreted.

Answer 21

How th pt feels right now not compaire to another time. Valid and accurate Each facility may use a different scale.

Answer 22

Rashes Fever Jaundice Nasal congestion HA Abd cramps Shakiness Vomiting Alt taste Jt or muscle pain Anxiety Dizzness Dyspnea Hypo/hypertension Tachycardia Palpitations Cardica arrest Seizures Laryngeal edema Pulmonary edema skin rxn (itchy, burn, blisters, uticaria)

Answer 23

Caution with prolonged use Plan treatment to coincide with peak of meds (2hrs) May increase BP May influence effects of other meds May increase plasma concentrate

Answer 24

Effects: Hypotension, orthostasis (BP decreases within 3 min of standing) and falls Reduced exercise capacity

Answer 25

Alleviate insomnia/ frequent awakings

Answer 26

Hypoglycemia

Answer 27

Effects: Alt metabolic state Impaired cardiopulmonary function Myalgia, stiffness, trigger points

Answer 28

Effects: Blunted resp response Sedation Lethargy Muscle weakness Incoordination

Answer 29

Effects: Dehydration - orthostasis and falls, thermoregulatory disturbances Increased HR with all activities Hypokalemia - arrythmias, muscle cramps

Answer 30

The intial response to tissue injsury. (Redness, warmth, edema, pain, loss of function) Systemic effects: Fever, tachycardia, hypermetabolic state, changes in blood

Answer 31

Reults from a persistant injury, repeated episode of acute inflammation, infection, cell mediated immune response, and foeign body reactions. Systemic effects: Low grade fever, malaise, weight loss, anemia, fatigue, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, fibrosis, progressive tissue damage, loss of function

Answer 32

Primary - congenital defect Secondary: result of disease or some other factor. Iatrogenic, results from a drug reaction Systemic effects: Predisposition to bacterial, viral or fungal infections

Answer 33

Systemic effects: Gradual and rapis weight loss Muscular weakness Anorexia Anemia Coagulation disorder Bone erosion Liver, GI, pulmonary or vascular obstruction

Answer 34

Unwanted, potentially harmful effects produced by meds Risk Factors: Age, gender, ethnicity, alcohol use, new drug, # of drus, dosage, herbal compound use, duration of treatment, non'compliance, sm stature, underlying conditions

Answer 35

Used to reduce inflammtaion, relieve pain, reduce fever Used post op for pain, musculoskeletal conditions, inflammatory rheumatic disease

Answer 36

GI syptoms, toxicity Renal - Na retention, edema Decreased kidney effectiveness Interact with HTN meds affecting kidney function Antiplatelet activity

Answer 37

Used in bone marrow and organ transplants Effects: non-immune toxicity Effects related to immunosuppression (development of fungal, bacterial infections) Increase in some cancers

Answer 38

Wash hands to avoid exposing the patient to infection or contagious conditions Intervention for side effects Interventiosn due sto rehab and prolonged illness (alt sensation)

Answer 39

Decrease inflammation Transplantation Autoimmune disorder Reps distress Immunosuppression Replacement for adrenal insufficiency in treatment of cancer anabolic steroid in athletes

Answer 40

Metabolic, endocrine cardiovascular immune musculoskeletal GI nervous Opthalmologic Integumentary

Answer 41

Mask the pain, supress the inflammatory RXN More susceptible to infection Exercise can delay or decrease harmful side effects if able to participate (localized injection: Don't exercise, moves meds away from where they should be) Monitor vital signs carefully (especially with fluid imbalance.) \*Facility may limit exercise based on WBC, Blood glucose levels

Answer 42

Post treatment: protocol from infections Protect skin (trauma irritation) Side effects are influenced byt the area of exposure Ability to respond to exercise can be effected by scarring of lung and heart tissue (low to med intensity aerobic exercise can increase physical function, decrease fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances)

Answer 43

Fatigue Decreased appitite Changes in behavior, cognition Short term memory loss Ataxia (sub-acute) Fatigue, decreased endurance Rad pneumonitis Errythema Edema Dryness, itchy Epilation, hair loss Nail destruction Epidermolysis Decreased wound healing GI, anorexia, dysphagia N/V/D, dry mouth, esophagitis Intestinal stenosis Urinary dysfunction

Answer 44

Uncoordinated movement is a muscle control problem or an inability to finely coordinate movements.

Answer 45

The removal of hair by chemical or mechanical means

Answer 46

Soft tissue fibrosis Contractures Atrophy Arthopedic deformity Myelopathy Cerebral inj Neuro cognitive effects Radionecrosis Plexopathy Gait abnormalitites Radiation fibrosis Cardiotaxicity CAD MI Pericarditis Hepatitis (inflammation of liver) malignancy Nephritis Cataracts lymphedema Skin scarring

Answer 47

Infection control Bone marrow suppression can decrease exercising ability due to decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC \*Platelet \<50,000 \*hemoglobin \<10 \*WBC \<3000 (\>10,000 with a fever, don't exercise) Cardiac percautions Resp compromised Neuropathies: sensory loss, weakness, inbalance Low to mod exercise, aerobic (30 mins)

Answer 48

Usually systemic Drugs are absorbed faster and in larger quantity by the cancer cell Generally non-specific Effects: toxicity, v/n, hair loss, fatigue, neuropathies (CNS, PNS), suppression of bone marrow production

Answer 49

Inflammation of blood vessels. Can cause narrowing, occlusion, aneurysm, or rupture Symptoms: Fever Jt pain Malaise Arthritis Weight loss Can be the primary disease or a component of another (RA, infection, malignancy)

Answer 50

Progressive autoimmune disease affecting synovial tissue and joints. Can also involve muscles, eyes, lungs, heart, and skin Associated with vasculitis, anemia, osteoporosis, osteopenia

Answer 51

Acute of chronis infection primarily effecting the lungs. Can also effect renal system, skeletal, GI tract, meninges, genitals

Answer 52

Connective tissue disorder characterized by thickening and fibrosis of the skin Can also affect the lungs, GI, Kidney

Answer 53

Scarring of tissues Fibrosis of heart, lung, kidney and bone

Answer 54

Multiple organ failure associated with critically ill individuals Associated with burns, sepsis, surgery, severe inflammatory process Pt's can recover

Answer 55

Caused by dehydration. Common among the elderly with limited or controlled food intake Changes balance or calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium

Answer 56

Changes in skin temp Turgor Muscle fatigue, twitching, cramping Changes in DTR (deep tendon reflex) Seizures Depression Memory Impairment Delusions, hallucinations Edema Changes in viatl signs Tachycardia Orthostatic Hypotension Changes in RR (Dyspnes) Confusion, Alt Ment Status

Answer 57

Endongenous (genetic) Exogenous (environmnetal) Viruses chemicals physical agents Drugs hormones excessive alcohol consumption

Answer 58

Process where normal cells undergo changes and are no longer distinguishable

Answer 59

Difficulty swallowing

Answer 60

DIfficulty speaking

Answer 61

Disorganization of cells. Changes in size shape or organization.

Answer 62

Fisrt level of dysplasia. Reversible

Answer 63

Increase in the number of tissue cells

Answer 64

Abnormal groth of new tissue with no purpose. Benign or malignant (primary-normal to that structure. Secondary-metastasis)

Answer 65

Non specific, without memory (ie Inflammation...) Natural

Answer 66

Specifitc, developes because of exposure (ie allergy, influenza) Secondary immunity

Answer 67

Stress diet rest Environment exercisse meds trauma chemical exposure

Answer 68

Regualar moderate exercise has minimal affects on the immune system. Helps to prevent neuroendorcrine disease. Moderate exercise can enhance the immune system. Protect against disease associated with chronic low grade systemic inflammtion and decrease symtpoms of a URI Extreme exercise can increase WBC which helps to fight off infection. Post marathon running, immune system has decreased and symptoms of a URI increase. (6-25 hr recovery)

Answer 69

Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Viral infection of the immune system Exercise in influenced by the stage. Tolerance decreases Used for pain relief, increase function, increase appetite, increase endurance, decrease anxiety, increase mood

Answer 70

Allergix RXN Can develope over time Anaphylaxis - widespread release of histamine resulting in systemic vasodilation, broncho spasm, edema, increased musuc production Wheezing, hypotension, erythemia, swelling, hives

Answer 71

CVhronic muscle pain Collection of sysmptoms. Common development of motor points symmetrically Hard to diagnose Autoimmune disease

Answer 72

Vancomycin - Resistant Enterococci Multidrug, resistant, TB

Answer 73

Immunosuppresive infection, bloodborne pathogen Antibiotic resistant organism and resurgence of TB Do not perform exposure prone invasive procedures until counsel from an expert review panel has been sought. Occupational post exposure prophylaxis - anti viral meds within 1 hr of exposure

Answer 74

Mthacillian resistant Stephlococcus Aureus Nonsocomial Isolation and PTE

Answer 75

Fever Chills Malaise Rash Red streaks Inflamed lymph nodes Delrium (in the elderly)

Answer 76

Assoc with exposure to bacterial causeing a change in the host flora Risk factors: Long-term care facilities Fecal, oral route Persistant diarrhea Bacterial infection Use Soap and Water for cleaning (not hand sanitizer)

Answer 77

Most common bacterial pathogen Inreased risk of infection for pt with diabetes, HIV, hemodialysis, IV drug users, Chronic skin lesions, burn pt's, prosthetics, cath, corticosteroid

Answer 78

Group A (GAS) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens Scarlet fever - erythematous rash that blanches with pressure Impetigo - Macules form into vesicles that become postular and encrusted Erysipelas - Fever, chills, red, shiny, swollen skin Strep necrotizing fasciitis - gangrene

Answer 79

Primarily acquired through nonsocomial and SNF Bacterial Infection

Answer 80

Bloodborne viral pathogen Transmitted by parents, sexual partners, injection drugs Most common cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cancer Vaccines are available

Answer 81

Bloodbourn viral pathogen Assoc with drug injection use High assoc with Chronic Hepatitis and liver CA No vaccine parents can transmit to children

Answer 82

Inhaled particals Negative pressure rooms Wear personal resp protection Limit transportation Pt is to wear mask when out of the room

Answer 83

Wear mask and gown when within 3 ft of pt Larger particals Door can be left open limit transportation Mask worn by pt when out of the room

Answer 84

Gloves are worn and changed after contact Gown is worn when contact with pt or bed

Answer 85

PPE Fluid proof gowns Googles, mask, gloves No eating, drinking, applying lip balm near pt

Answer 86

Liver Function: Sole source of plasma protein, production of clotting factors, storage of vitamins, conversion and excretions of bilirubin Nutritional absorption and metabolism

Answer 87

Acute/ Chronic Inflammation of the liver Symptoms include: Malaise, fatigue, mild fever, nausea, vomiting, anorexia Implications for PT: Follow standard precautions, pt's are limited mobility which increases which recovery

Answer 88

Accumulation of bilirubin in the blood Yellow discoloration of the skin Can indicated liver disease, hepatitis, obstruction in the biliary tract (gallstone, pancreatic CA)

Answer 89

Plays a key role in digestions Endocrine gland that secretes hormones insulin, and gluegon. Also produces digestive enzymes

Answer 90

Acute/chronic, can result in autodigestion (Progressive destruction of the pancreatic tissue) Acute: Breif, mild, reversible, often assoc with gallstone and alcoholism Symptoms: Back pain with diarrhea, painful after meals, anorexia, unexplained weight loss Implications for PT: Heat, teach positioning, rest, eating (after tenderness and pain resolved)

Answer 91

Risk factors: age, Hx, tobacco use, male, pre peptic ulcer surgery Signs: Initially non-specific and vague, pain, weight loss jaundice Implications for PT: Mobility, surgergical care, tx of chronic pain or hospice

Answer 92

Gallbladder Acts as a bile reservoir Contracts to release bile to assist with digestion

Answer 93

Gallstones Found in radiologic exams performed for other reasons. Presents with RUQ pain radiating to mid lower back with general GI complaints. Occurs more likely in the older population Presence obstructs the flow of bile.

Answer 94

Prevenative Post-op: Deep breathing and coughing leg exercises early mobilization

Answer 95

Chronic systemic dissorder characterized by hyperglycemia and poor metabolisim of carbs, fats, and protein Type 1, Type 2, Prediabetic Key signs: Lethargy, thirst, weakness, n/v, Flushed skin, fast deep breaths Glucose levels: N- 80-120, prediabetic- 100-125, diabetic-\>125 Leading cause of blindness and renal failure

Answer 96

Adult onset. Most common form. results from cellular resistance to insulin Risk factors: Family Hx, ethnicity, obese, \>45 y.o, sedentary, HTN, Hx vascular disease and smoking Treated with diet, hypoglycemic agents, exercise, insulin, and weight control Signs: Abn thirst, freq urination, visual blurring, infections

Answer 97

Absolute deficiency of insulin production and secretion Abrupt onset affecting \<25 y.o. Treated with insulin, diet, exercise Risk fctors: Prescence of type 1 DM in primary family Signs: polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss with polyphagia, blurred vision

Answer 98

More than usual, excessive - Uria frequent urination - Dipsia increased thirst - Phagia increase appitite

Answer 99

Poor control of glucose levels Unevaluated, poorly controlled: HTN, Retinopathy, Neuropathy, Nephropathy Recent photocoagulation or surgery for retinopathy Dehydration Extreme environmental temps

Answer 100

Monitor glucose levels every 15 mins Increase caloric intake for 12-24 hrs Reduce insulin (peaks @ evening/night)

Answer 101

Exercise a min of 1 hr after meals, 2 hrs is good Monitor glucose levels Do not exercise with levels \>250 DM1 increase food decrease insulin Low to no ketones to begin Increase insulin with menstruating

Answer 102

Regularyly 5x wk Optimally 40-60 mins Replace fluid loss Monitor glucose every 30 mins Do not exercise alone Carb snack every 30 mins

Answer 103

100-125 is safe. Still want to tighten up and moderate control of levels \<100, give a carb snack. retest 15 mins Do not exercise when \<70 Btwn 70-100 is symptoms dependant (no symptoms= no food) Do not exercise \>250 with presence of ketosis Juice and Honey if hypoglycemic Do not exercise @ peak insulin times Increased insulin may be requireed when pt is stressed Avoid night exercising