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PTA Patho > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoarthritis

Signs

A

Originates in the cartilage and effects bones, soft tissue and synovial fluid

Bone enlargment

decrease ROM

Crepitus with motion

Tenderness with pressure

Joint effusion

Joint deformity

Inflammation

Malalignment

Pain with activity

Brief stiffness with inactivity

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2
Q

OA

Implications for PT

A

Educate:

Posture

Weight loss (as little as 5lbs)

Exercise (Flexibility, Strengthening)

orthotic devices

Meds

Joint replacement

Pain management

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3
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease often effecting several joints, also multiple systems (cardio, pulmonary, GI)

Inflammatory response atacks synovium. Characterized by exacerbations and remission

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4
Q

RA

Implications for PT

A

Know signs

  1. Cervical pain with incontinence/urinary retention
  2. unexplained jt pain x1 month with
    1. skin rash
    2. extensor nodules

Education

Pain management

Increase strength and ROM

Increase fitness

Assist with adaptations

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5
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Chronis inflammatory joint disease of the axial skeleton (SI jt, apophyseal jt, costovertebral jt)

A variant of RA

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6
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

Implications for PT

A

Decrease inflammation and stiffness

Increase flexibility

Energy condervation

Fitness

Stretching

Fall prevention

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7
Q

Fracture types

A

Traumatic

Stress Fatigue

Insufficiency

Pathologic

Displaced vs non-displaced

Open vs closed

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8
Q

Fall

Risk Factors

A

Trauma

Age

Low bone density

Low levels of phyical activity

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9
Q

Fractures

Implications for PT

A

Complications

Delayed union or non-union

Compression fractures for older adults

Fall Prevention

Exercise

Balance

Strenght

Aerobic

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10
Q

Compression fracture

Complications

A

In the elderly can cause:

Urinary retention

GI symptoms

Increased risk for pulmonary complications

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11
Q

Osteonecrosis

A

Death of bone and bone marrow due to loss of blood supply.

Commonly effects the femoral head and other bones with limited blood supply

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12
Q

Osteonecrosis

Implications for PT

A

Recognition of cause

Id of pain (may appear as lumbar, hip, thigh, groin, knee)

Post Op rehab (early mobs, gait, AD)

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13
Q

Legg-Calve’ Perthes

A

(coxa plana)

Necrosis of the femoral head

often leads to arthritis

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14
Q

Legg-Calve’s Perthes

SIgns

A

Male 3-12 y.o.

Slow onset, limp with hip pain

Diagnosed with x-ray, MRI

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15
Q

Legg-Calve’ Perthes

Implcations for PT

A

Gait training

Aquatic therapy

ROM

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16
Q

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

A

Osteochondritis

Patellar tendon pulling small bits of bone from the tibial tuberosity

D/t trauma, malalignment

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17
Q

Signs of Nervous system disorder

A

Alt sensation

Alt movement

Brainstem dysfunction

Higher brain dysfunction

Alt LOC

Memory problems

Emotional stability

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18
Q

Abnormal sensations

A

Abnormal sensation

Hallucination (visual, hearing)

Proprioceptive awareness

Vestibular disturbance

Loss or change in vision

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19
Q

Brainstem dusfunction

A

LOC

BP

HR

Resp

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20
Q

Movement disorders

A

Adnorm tone and movements

hypertonicity

Nystagmus

Dysdiadochokinesia

tremors

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21
Q

Higher brain functions

A

Difficulty understanging language

read

write

understand

pronouncing

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22
Q

Neurologic Tests

A

CT

MRI

FMRI

PET

EEG

BAEP

Near-infrared spectroscopy

Transcranial doppler ultrasonography

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23
Q

CT

A

Computer Tomography

Images of the CNS

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24
Q

MRI

A

Manetic Resonance imaging

Images for spine and brain lesions

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25
Q

FMRI

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging

Brain activiy with functional activity

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26
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography

Cellular activity

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27
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalography

Electrical current of the brain

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28
Q

BAEP

A

Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials

Evaluate Cranial audityor nerve III

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29
Q

Transcutaneous Doppler Ultrasonography

A

Measures local blood fow

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30
Q

Near-Infrared Spectrocsopy

A

Measures oxygen saturation of the brain

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31
Q

Infectious Diseases of the brain

A

Encephalitis

Meningitis

Brain abcess

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32
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)

Aseptic (viral)

Tuberculous (inhaled)

Bacterial (upper resp, mucus)

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33
Q

Meningitis

signs

A

Headache

Fever

Stiff neck

Lumbar, post thigh pain

Pain with hip flex and knee ext

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34
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the parenchymal, brain tissue.

Viral invasion/hypersensitivity

West nile

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35
Q

Encephalitis

Sign

A

Headache

Nausea

Vomiting

follow by alt LOC

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36
Q

Brain stem abcess

A

Circumscribed local infection. Rapid growing effecting the meninges

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37
Q

Brain stem abcess

Signs

A

Headache

Untreated:

Hemiparesis

Seizures

Lethargy

Confusion

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38
Q

Infectious Disease

Implications for PT

A

Observe isolation procedures

Monitor Vital signs

When inflammation is greatest, alt LOC may occur

Movement disorders may indicate the depth of insult

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39
Q

Neoplasm

A

Brain Cancer

Primry and secondary

Impact the brain structures and their function by compression and destruction of tissues

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40
Q

Primary Brain Tumors

A

Develope in the brain or spinal cord or surrounding structures

Malignant or benign

Cranial nerve VI is susceptible

Glioma

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41
Q

Glioma

A

Tumor of cells that insulate, metabolically assist, andsupport neurons

Intraspinal

Found with MRI

42
Q

Secondary Brain tumors

A

Originate elsewhere and effect the brain (Metastic)

Reached form arterial blood system

43
Q

Primary Brain tumor

Implications for PT

A

recognize signs

Unsteady gait

poor balance

weakness

with

nausea

vomiting

headache

Education and knowledge

Post op

Positioning

44
Q

Brain Tumor

Med Management

A

Radiation

Chemo

Surgery

45
Q

Degenerative Disorders

Nervous system

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Alzheimer’s

Dystonia

Multiple Sclerosis

Parkinson’s

46
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Motor neuron disease

Scarring and degeneration of motor neurons in the lateral aspect of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex (upper and lower)

3-10 yrs degeneration frame

47
Q

ALS

Symptoms

A

Muscular weakness

Attention Deficiency, Language comprehension, Planning and abstract reasoning (cortical involved)

48
Q

ALS

Implications for PT

A

Education

Function

Adaption

Coping

Fall prevention

49
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Degenerative organic brain syndrome. Destroys neurons of the cerebral cortex. CAn progression to Alzheimer’s dementia.

50
Q

Alzheimer’s

Signs

A

Early

Mild memory loss

visual spacial defecits

Impaired judgment

Math/draw skills lost

51
Q

Alzheimer’s

Implications for PT

A

Cognitive stim program

Fitness

Movement

maintainance

positioning

assistive device

Fall education

52
Q

Dystonia

A

Characterized by involuntary, sustaine muscle contractions resulting in twisting and repetitive mvmnts. Locked posture. Exacerbated by activity

53
Q

Dystonia

Implications for PT

A

Know medications used

Assistive device (min help)

Intervention is limited

54
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Autoimmune, chronic degenerative demyelinating neurologic disorder of the CNS.

Relapse - remitting is most common

55
Q

Multiple sclerosis

Implications for PT

A

Exercise within individuals ability.

Careful monitoring

56
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Chronic disease of the motor component of the CNS

57
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

Signs

A

Painful decrease/loss of vision

displopia

Weakness

Spasticity

Balance prroblems

Fatigue (motor, mental, sleepiness) presents mid afternoon

58
Q

Parkinson’s

Signs

A

Tremors

rigidity

Bradykinesia

Postural instability

59
Q

Parkinson’s

Implications for PT

A

Fall education

Assoc with dementia, depression

Improve movement (claaping, music, side step)

60
Q

Stroke

Risk Factors

A

Non modifiable:

Age

sex

race

poss genetic

Modifiable:

Smoking

HTN

Cardiovascular disease

Diabetes

Increased total cholestorol, with low HDL

Abdominal adiposity

Alcohol/cocaine use

61
Q

Stroke Signs

A

Sudden onset of weakness if arm, leg, face

Sudden onset of diminished vision in one eye

Sudden impaired speech

Sudden balance problems

Headache with unkown cause

Tongue deviation

62
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Results from an occlusion of major blood vessels from and emboli or thrombosis

63
Q

Patterns of Disfunction

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

Total or partial hemiplegia

Total or partial loss of sensation on opposite side of body

Global aphasia

Sensory disturbances, lack of motor control

64
Q

Patterns of Dysfunction

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Min dysfunction

Contralateral hemparesis and sensory loss

65
Q

Patterns of Dysfunction

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A

Major personality and psychological changes

Exaggerated sensation

Alt temp

Pain/proprioceptive sensation

Intractable pain

Memory and perception disturbances

vision

66
Q

Intracranial Hemorrhage

A

Most deadly stroke

Bleeding occurs in the brain

Risk factors include age and HTN

67
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Bleed between the arachnoid and pia mater

Caused by trauma, developmental defects, vascular malformation, tumors, infection

Risk factors: Excessive alcohol, family history, HTN, smoking

68
Q

Stroke

Implications for PT

A

Acute: Positioning, pulmonary hyrgiene, early mobilization (when stable)

Recovery: UE function (shld shrugs)

Functional training

Contraint-induced training

Treadmill with PWB

Stability mvmnt and control

Fall prevention

Control of spasticity and contractures

Cardiovascualr endurance

Family education

69
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

3 ages of common occurance

1-12 y.o. child abuse

15-24 y.o. risk taking

Elderly falls

70
Q

TBI signs

A

Initial alt LOC

Impaired cognition, physical function

Behavioral changes, emotional control

71
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A

Awake

Lethargic

Obtunded - respondes to repeated stimuli

Stuporous - respnds to painful stimuli

Coma - unable to wake

72
Q

TBI

Implications for PT

A

Acute: Monitor cranial nerve function

Monitor flexive and voluntary motor behaviors

Pulmonry hygiene

Positioning

ROM ex

Relaxation techniques

Long-term:

Vestibular sensitivity

Sensory isturbances

73
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Non progressive lesion on a developing brain before 2 y.o. resulting in tone and movement disorders

Tone

  • Hypotonia
  • Hypertonia.spasticity
  • Ataxia
  • Fluctuating/athetosis

Distribution of involvement

  • Hemiplegia
  • Diplegia
  • Quadriplegia
74
Q

Cerebral Palsy

Signs

A

Speech

vision

Hearing

Perceptual functioning

Seizure

75
Q

Cerebral palsy

Implications for PT

A

Life-span emphasis

family centered

post op care

Assistive devices

Splinting

76
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Signs

A

Sweating, flushed face

Sudden increase in Systolic and diastolic BP

Pounding headache

Visual field changes, blurred vision

Heart rhythm changes

increased anxiety

77
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Causes

A

Full bladder

Full/ impacted bowel

Kidney stone

Cantractions of labor

DVT

Pressure ulcer

PE

Insect bites

Temp change

Tight clothing

78
Q

Rancho Los Amigos

Levels of cognitive function

A

I - no response

II - General response

III - Localized response

IV - Confused - agitated

V - Confused - inappropriate

VI - Confused - appropriate

VII - Automatic - appropriate

VIII - Purposeful - appropriate

79
Q

Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease

A

Slow progressive neuropathy involving motor and sensory nerves

Initially involving the LE and moving into the FOrearm and hands

80
Q

Charcot -Marie tooh disease

Implications for PT

A

Minimize deformity

maximize function

Stretching

ROM

Bracing

81
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

Compression of the Median Nerve

Pain locally

Pain distally to finger tips

Pain up to shld

Nocturnal pain

82
Q

Sciatica

A

Nerve root impingement involving sensory and motor nerves

Low back

Radiating into both legs

83
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Unilaterl facial nerve (VII) involvment resulting in rapid paralysis

Sensation of fullness in the ear

implications:

Do not use e-stim

Facial exercises

84
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

Entrapment of the brachial plexus btwn the interscalene and inferior border of scap.

May involve vascualr supply

Nocturnal Pain

Paresthesias

tingling

Implications: Pain relief, postural changes

85
Q

Saturday Night Palsy

A

Compression of the radial nerve on the humerus.

86
Q

Neurotmesis

A

Severed nerve

Commonly after GSW, Stab wound, or avulsion injury

87
Q

Gullian-Barre Syndrome

A

Immune disorder resulting in flaccid paralysis, areflexia and increased protein in the CSF

Progressive weakness over days to weeks resulting from inflammtion and demyelinization.

Body begins to repair

88
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmunie disorder resulting in fluctuating weakness and skeletal muscle fatigability.

Chemical receptors in motor end plates are decreased and ineffective

89
Q

Complex regional pain syndrome

A

Misfiring of the nervous systems causing it to become hyperactive.

Pain, edema, movement disorders, atrophy, and abdnormal vasomotor response

Implications: education, encourage normal activities while minimizing pain.

90
Q

Traumatic SCI

A

Compression or dsiplacement of the spinal cord during a forceful injury. Incomplete or complete

Determined by the level of sensory impairment or muscles function

91
Q

Concussion

A

Injury cause by a blow or violent shaking

92
Q

Contusion

A

Glial tissue and spinal cord surface remain in tact

93
Q

Laceration or maceration

A

Glia is disrupted, spinal cord may be torn

94
Q

Traumatic SCI

Risk Factors

A

Men > Women

Young people

MVA

Acts of violence

Contact sports

High speed sports

Fall

Diving

95
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

Damage to one side of the spinal cord. Commonly from a GSW or a stab. Incomplete lesion

Ipsilateral weakness

Abdnormal reflexes

Ipsilateral spasticity in m. innervated below lesion

Loss of proprioception, kinesthia and vibration

Loss of pain and temp on contralateral side

96
Q

Anterior Cord Syndrome

A

Frequently associated with flexion injuries

assoc with loss supply from the anterior spinal artery

Bilat loss of muscle function

Loss of pain and temp

97
Q

Central Cord syndrome

A

Often caused by hyperextension in the cervical region.

Severe neurological involvement on the UE > LE

Function is retained thoracic to sacral

Bilat loss of pain and temp sensation

98
Q

Posterior Cord syndrome

A

Rare

Loss of proprioception below lesion

Motor function: pain, light touch sensation in tact

99
Q

Conus Medullaris syndrome

A

Damage at the base of the spinal cord

LE paralysis, reflexive bowel

100
Q

SCI

Comlications

A

Tone

  • Weakness
  • flaccid paralysis
  • spasticity

Musculoskeletal

  • Heterotrophic ossification
  • Scoliosis
  • body alignment d/t contractures

Autonomic dysreflexia

Loss of thermoregualtion below lesion

Rep complications

Increased risk for DVT and PE

Pressure ulcers

Alteration in the bowel and bladder function

Changes in sexual response

PTA Patho (4 decks)

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