Test 1 Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
a set of systematic, informed hunches about the way things work.
help us to understand, explain, predict and control the world around us.
A
theory
2
Q
theories about theory
A
metatheory
3
Q
- developing messages
- generating meaning
- building message structure
- interacting
A
core elements of communication and communication theory
4
Q
has no beginning or end. has 3 parts
- theory- where we make a “hunch” or hypothesis
- observation- observe through surveys, drawing on experiences, etc.
- question- asking questions to get closer to meaning
A
the process of inquiry
5
Q
the study or origin, nature, method, and the limits of knowledge (what we know)
- How can knowledge be certain?
- What is truth?
A
epistemology
6
Q
the nature of being (study of human reality)
- Do humans make real choices?
- Behavior – states or traits?
- Comm. highly contextualized?
A
ontology
7
Q
study of what it’s like to be another person in a specific time and place
A
humanism
8
Q
the assumption that truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observation; committed to uncovering cause-and-effect relationships
A
objective approach
9
Q
the linguistic work of assigning meaning or value to communicative texts; assumes that multiple meanings or truths are possible
A
interpretive approach
10
Q
study of the nature of value
- Why should I care about the results?
- Should scholarship attempt to achieve social change
A
axiology
11
Q
the assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and the environment
A
determinism
12
Q
- explanation of data
- prediction of the future
- relative simplicity
- testability (falsifiability)
- Practical utility
- quantitative research
A
criteria for deterministic (scientific) theory
13
Q
- new understandings of people
- clarification of values
- aesthetic appeal
- community of agreement
- reform of society
- qualitative research
A
criteria for humanistic (interpretive) theory
14
Q
- Textual Analysis- aim is to describe and interpret the characteristics of a message
- Ethnography- a method of participant observation designed to help a researcher experiment a culture’s complex web of meaning
A
Humanistic (Interpretive) Ways to do Research
15
Q
- Experiments- tries to establish a cause-and-effect relationship by systematically manipulating one factor (independent) in a controlled situation to learn its effect on another factor (dependent)
A
Deterministic Ways to do Research
16
Q
principle of parsimony - the scientific principle that things are usually connected or behave in the simplest or most economical way
Occam’s Razor - line of reasoning that says the simplest answer is often correct
A
relative simplicity
17
Q
- interpersonal- how ppl build relationships
- small group- dynamic of small groups
- organizational
- face-to-face public- messages are more structured
- mediated public- media
A
levels of communication theory
18
Q
from deterministic to interpretive
1. structural/functional- examine makeup of a structure
- cognitive/behavioral- the mind, focus more on individual
- interactional- how people interact with others
- interpretive- individual experience
- critical- reform society
A
genres of communication theory
19
Q
- socio-psychlogical - cause/effect, survey research/experiments, deterministic
- cybernetic - information flows, feedback is important
- rhetorical - interpretive, persuasion = artform
- semiotic - symbols and meaning, meaning is shared through symbols
- socio-cultural - the most circular, communication recreates social reality
- Critical- expose the oppressors to emancipate the oppressed
- Phenomenological- analysis of everyday experience from the standpoint of the person who is living it; understanding the “self” and the “other”
A
traditions of communication theory
20
Q
- Interpretive (philosophy); Interactional (genre)
- Interpersonal (level)?
- Socio-cultural (tradition)
- The main claim: the self emerges in the process of communication
A
Symbolic Interactionism
21
Q
- meaning - our own version of social reality
- language - drives meaning, helps identify and solidify
- thought - we can step outside ourselves
A
3 interrelated core principles of SI
22
Q
the subjective self; instinctive, gut feeling, sense of individuality
A
the “i”
23
Q
the objective self; how we see other people seeing us; looking glass of other people’s reactions
A
the “me”
24
Q
imagining how we look to other people
- How do I appear to others
- How do I think others judge my appearance
- How I feel about myself in reaction to others
A
the looking glass self
25
the mental image of a person based on societal expectations and responses
the generalized other
26
1. we have many "selves" and we choose among them
2. no beginning or end. the self is in process
3. the self is responsive, not just reactive.
4. the self emerges from communication, and in past/present relationships
insights SI reveals
27
```
Understanding of People- High
Clarification of Values- High
Community of Agreement- High
Reform of Society- Low
Aesthetic Appeal- Low
```
Evaluation of Symbolic Interactionism
28
- Interpretive (philosophy)
- Socio-cultural (tradition)
- Interactional (genre) ?
- Interpersonal (level)
Main Claim: looks directly at comm. process & what it's doing; shows what it is creating and gives the tools to change our comm. patterns
Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM)
29
1. Our Comm Shapes Our Social World - persons in conversation co-constructs their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds that they create
2. The Stories We Tell Are Different From Stories Lived - ?
3. We Get What We Make - the type of communication that we engage in will create that type of interaction
4. Get the Pattern Right, Create Better Outcomes- be mindful, curious, and engage in dialogue
basic tenets of CMM
30
- any verbal or nonverbal message as part of an interaction; threats, promises, insults, compliments, requests, etc
- social meaning of a short segment of a talk
speech act
31
```
Understanding of People- high
Clarification of Values- fairly high
Community of Agreement- fairly high
Reform of Society- fairly high
Aesthetic Appeal- Low
Qualitative- fairly high
```
Evaluation of CMM
32
- interpersonal (level)
- socio-psychological (tradition)
- deterministic (objective)
- structural/functional (genre)?
Main Claim:
Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)
33
1. expectancy
2. violation valence
3. communicator reward valance
3 core concepts of EVT
34
Violating behavior- the perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations
Communicator Reward Valence-the sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential reward or punishment in the future; whether we like the person or not
two types of evaluations made upon unexpected violation
35
Depends on:
1. The reward valence the violator thinks the victim holds for him/her (violator)
2. The type of violation
3. Whether the victim's compliance is a factor
What might help a person consider whether to unexpectedly violate an interactional partner?
36
1. does not fully explain how people respond to violations
- Claims that we will reciprocate if overall valence is positive or compensate if negative
2. Violations take on unique meaning in relationships:
- What if violation is expected or non-invasion is a violation?
- What if valences are incongruent?
problems with EVT
37
Interaction Adaption Theory- how people adjust their approach when another's behavior doesn't mesh with what's needed, anticipated or preferred
1. "interaction positions" instead of "expectations"
- Expectations- what we think will happen
- Requirements- what we need
- Desires- what we want
2. "adaption" instead of responses to unexpected "violations"
- Mirroring
- Matching
- Synchronizing
"Unlike EVT, IAT addresses how people adjust their behavior when others violate their expectations"
Burgoon's answer to prediction problems in EVT
38
```
Explanation of Data- High
Predicability- Low
Testability- High
Practical Utility- High
Simplicity- High
```
Evaluation of EVT
39
- deterministic (philosophy)
- socio-psychological (tradition)
- interpersonal (behavior)
- Interactional? (genre)
Main Claim- a theory that explains the complexity of deception in interaction
Interpersonal Deception Theory
40
1. Interpersonal Communication is interactive
| 2. Strategic deception demands mental effort
Assumptions about interaction
41
1. concealment - hiding something
2. falsification - creates fiction
3. equivocation - dodges the issue
3 ways to deceive
42
1. attempted control- behaviors that look like they are trying to control their behavior
2. physiological arousal- physical reactions
3. displays of emotion- showing anger, sadness, etc.
4. cognitive processing- how we look when we are thinking
four factors theory
43
1. We have a truth bias- social contract that everyone is to tell the truth
2. People are good at deceiving and detecting deception
3. There are so many factors involved- interactional, relational, who the deceiver is, who the respondent is
4. There are no unambiguous signals of deception- certain actions are not always a tell-tale sign that someone is lying
challenges with detecting deception
44
someone who is actually telling the truth may feel nervous, anxious, or worried they will not be believed, which leads them to looking deceptive
the Othello Effect
45
signals that convey the possibility of deception; ex. sweating, blushing, stuttering, voice changes, blinking, hesitation
Leakage
