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BIO 125 Struct. of Living Organisms > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the scientific method require and how do we achieve it

A

requires objectivity (unbias) and we achieve it through peer review where the research is assessed by experts who have no direct involvement

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2
Q

observational studies can be…

A

descriptive or analytical

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3
Q

controlled experiemnt

A

treatment group and control group: treatment group has a change in one variable and the same variable is constant in control group

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4
Q

double blind

A

neither researcher or patient knows if theyre getting placebo

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5
Q

living organisms are..

A
  • are composed of one or more cells
  • reproduce using DNA
  • obtain energy from their environment to support metabolism
  • sense their environment and respond to it (dog in a thunderstorm)
  • maintain constant internal environment (homeostasis)
  • can evolve as groups
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6
Q

a cell

A

a self contained unit enclosed by a water repellant layer called the plasma membrane
-came from a pre-exisitng cell

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7
Q

bacterium

A

an example of a single celled organism

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8
Q

multicellular organisms

A

composed of many different specialized cells working together

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9
Q

dna

A

is stored within a membrane bound nucleus

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10
Q

a gene

A

a segment of dna that codes for a specific genetic trait

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11
Q

differentiation

A

express some genes and suppresses other genes/characteristics

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12
Q

producers

A

obtain energy from the nonliving part of their environment

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13
Q

biological evolution

A

a change in the overall genetic characteristics in a group of organisms over the generations

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14
Q

artificial selection

A

evolutionary change caused by humans; it occurs when we select plants and animals with preferred traits (dog breeding)

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15
Q

domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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16
Q

Isotopes

A

same element that exists in variant forms that differ in their atomic mass

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17
Q

Covalent bonds

A

form by electron sharing between atoms

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18
Q

ionic bonds

A

form between atoms of opposite charge

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19
Q

special properties of water

A
  • its a polar molecule (slightly positively charged and partially negatively charged ( H+ O-)
  • water is a solvent for charged or polar substances
  • hydrogen bonding accounts for the physical properties of liquid water and ice
  • water moderates temperature swings
  • the evaporation of water has a cooling effect
  • hydrogen bonding accounts for the cohesion of water molecules
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20
Q

what provides the framework for life

A

carbon

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21
Q

Functional group have..

A

distinct chemical properties

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22
Q

Proteins are

A
  • built from amino acids (20 different ones)
  • must be folded correctly to be functional
  • covalently linked
  • strings
  • side chains make a certain protein (functional group)
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23
Q

What do animals do with surplus energy

A

they store them as triglycerides

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24
Q

what are important components of cell membranes?

A

phospholipids

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25
Q

biomolecules

A
  • molecules that are unique to living cells

- carbon based: they have a backbone of carbon atoms

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26
Q

what is matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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27
Q

how many different types of matter are there

A

92 that occur naturally in our universe

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28
Q

what is an element

A

a pure substance

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29
Q

metals, nonmentals, and electrons

A

metals can lose electrons

nonmetals take/grab electrons

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30
Q

Metalloids

A

have some properties that are like metals and some that arent

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31
Q

Carbon is

A

abundant in living cells but scarce in nonliving matter

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32
Q

what do atoms contain?

A

a unique combination of protons, electrons, and neutrons

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33
Q

protons have

A

a positive charge

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34
Q

electrons have

A

have a negative charge

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35
Q

neutrons are

A

neutral

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36
Q

how do negative electrons move around the nucleus

A

in electron shells

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37
Q

what does the atomic number represent

A

the number of protons in an atom

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38
Q

what does the atomic MASS number represent

A

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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39
Q

Isotopes in reference to electrons, protons, and neutrons

A

isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons

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40
Q

formula to figure out how many neutrons an element has

A

mass - atomic number = neutrons

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41
Q

what is the fixed number of e- in any atomic shell is fixed

A

2, 8, 8 in 1st, 2nd, 3rd shell

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42
Q

what happens when the outermost shell is filled to capacity?

A

an atom is most stable

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43
Q

What happens when an atom loses one or more electrons?

A

it becomes a positively charged ion

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44
Q

What happens when an atom gains one or more electrons?

A

it becomes a negatively charged ion

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45
Q

non polar molecules are

A

not soluable in water

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46
Q

what are molecules that do not associate with water?

A

hydrophobic

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47
Q

PH (acidic vs basic)

A

-Less than 7 is acidic
-more than 7 is basic
a ph that is 1 less than the other amount is 10 times more acidic ex. PH of 3 is 10 more acidic then a PH of 4
-water has a PH of 7 (neutral)

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48
Q

a buffer

A

is a combination of chemicals that maintains PH

-it maintains PH by accepting hydrogen ions when too acidic and releasing when too basic

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49
Q

organic molecule

A

is one that contains at least one carbon hydrogen bond

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50
Q

many monomers make what

A

a polymer

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51
Q

proteins functions

A
  • storage
  • structure
  • transport
  • catalyst
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52
Q

proteins structure

A
  1. primary structure
  2. secondary structure
  3. tertiary structure
  4. quaternary structure (hemoglobin)
    - if you change one amino acid, the whole structure falls apart
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53
Q

what is a fatty acid

A

a hydrophobic chain attached to hyrdophillic head

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54
Q

what are all single bonds

A

saturated fatty acids

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55
Q

what are double covalent bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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56
Q

if the molecules pack easily it is

A

solid

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57
Q

if the molecules unpack easily it is

A

not solid

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58
Q

how do atoms with an unfilled outermost shell achieve stability?

A

by sharing electrons to fill their outermost shell to capacity, forming a molecule in the process

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59
Q

Covalent bonds and number of bonds

A
  • one covalent bond: one pair of electrons shared between 2 atoms
  • double covalent bond: two pairs of electrons shared
  • triple covalent bonds: three pairs of electrons shared
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60
Q

what are molecules

A

two or more atoms that share electrons to form a chemical bond known as a covalent bond (can have same elements or different elements)

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61
Q

how are salts held together

A

by ionic bonds

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62
Q

what makes one end of a polar molecule more negative and the other more positive

A

uneven distribution of electrical charges

63
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom with a slight positive charge and a neighboring atom with a slight negative charge

64
Q

nonpolar molecules

A

NOT SOLUABLE in water bc water molecules cannot surround them in a hydrogen bonded network

65
Q

in plants what does cellulose do

A

it stregthens plant cell walls

66
Q

how do plants store surplus energy

A

in the form of startch

67
Q

Denaturation of proteins.. what happens?

A

the three dimensional shape is destroyed by extreme temperatures, PH, and salt concentration

68
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids in which carbon atoms are linked with a single covalent bond

69
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids are linked by a DOUBLE covalent bond

70
Q

how do organisms store their surplus energy

A

as triglycerides

71
Q

what are phospholipids

A
  • a type of glyceride
  • main component of cell membrane
  • form a phospholipid bilayer
  • in very warm environment they melt, in cold they stiffen
72
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophillic heads face outward and the hydrophobic tails tuck into the interior

73
Q

what are sterols

A

a class of lipids that contain four hydrocarbon rings fused to each other (cholesterol, testosterone)

74
Q

what are lipids

A

fatty acids, phospholipids, and sterols

75
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

dna is double stranded and rna is single stranded

Nucleic acids are AGCT (U) with RNA

76
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

they are bacteria and archaea, both single celled organisms

77
Q

All members of the plant and animal kingdom are what?

A

multi cellular

78
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

a thick fluid called cytosol, consisting of ions of biomolecules mixed in water

79
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a cytoplasmic structure that performs a unique function in the cell

80
Q

In eukaryotes, where is DNA?

A

DNA is enveloped inside the double membranes of the nucleus

81
Q

what does the mitochondira do?

A
  • provides the energy (ATP) that fuels all cellular functions
  • it extracts energy from food molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and water in an oxygen dependent process called cellular respiration
82
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

they are important protein manufactoring organelles

83
Q

How does the cell exchange materials?

A

across the cell surface - the larger the cell surface area, the more efficient

84
Q

relationship between cell volume and metabolic capacity

A

-the greater the cell volume the higher the metabolic capacity of the cell

85
Q

cell size and surface area to volume ration

A

-if a cell is large it has a lower surface are to volume ratio than a smaller cell

86
Q

what is a multicellular organism?

A

-it consists of an interdependent group of genetically identical cells that developed from a single cell. They can’t live independently

87
Q

benefits of a multicellular organism

A
  • better odds of escaping predators that are smaller
  • better odds of capturing prey that are smaller
  • more space to store food and other nutrients
  • efficient functioning through division of labor among differentiated cells
88
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A
  • it is a selectively permeable barrier (only certain things can go in) which ensures that the cell interior is chemically different than the extracellular environment
  • the membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
89
Q

what is the plasma membrane responsible for

A
  • capturing needed molecules and bringing them into the cell
  • removing waste from the cell
  • communicating with other cells and the environment
  • anchoring the cell in place
90
Q

what are biological membranes

A

they are a fluid mosaic, many components (lipids/proteins) move freely in the plan eof the phospholipid bilayer

91
Q

what do membrane proteins do

A

they enable transport (nutrients/waste) communication with external environment and attachment to extracellular matrix and neighboring cells

92
Q

What is the cellular organization in prokaryotes

A
  • DNA not bound in membranes (no nucleus)
  • much smaller than eukaryotic cell
  • most have tough polysaccharide cell wall
  • internal compartments lacking or much less complex
93
Q

Adapative benefits of eukaryotic cells

A
  • efficient functioning via intracellular division of labor (specialized compartments)
  • concentration of necessary reactants for chemical reactions
  • maintaining special environments
  • isolating damaging by products of metabolism
94
Q

what kind of nucleus does a eukaryotic cell have

A
  • a nucleus bound by a double plasma membrane called the nuclear membrane
  • the nucleus contains DNA required for building, managing, growing, and reproducing cells
95
Q

what are nuclear pores

A
  • the nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores through which ions and small molecules pass freely
  • passage of larger molecules and proteins is regulated by nuclear pores
96
Q

what does RNA do

A
  • it carries directions for making proteins from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol
  • RNA molecules exit through the nuclear pore to direct protein synthesis on ribosomes
97
Q

What is the endoplasmic Reticulum

A

it is an interconnected network of tubes and flattened sacs that produces certain lipids and proteins

98
Q

What is the Rough ER

A

it is dotted with ribosomes that produce proteins for use both inside and outside the cell

99
Q

What is the ER’s Function?

A

it functions like a specialized department, preparing items for transport to other parts of the cell or export outside the cell

100
Q

what is the smooth ER

A

enzymes of the smooth er produce lipids for other cellular compartments and help break down toxic organic compounds in the cell

101
Q

what is a transport vesicle

A

it is a small, spherical, membrane enclosed sac that moves lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates between cellular compartments

102
Q

how does the transport vesicle deliver its contents?

A

it fuses with the membrane of the target destination

-the molecules are being shipped from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus

103
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do

A

it directs proteins and lipids produced by the ER to their final destination, either inside or outside the cell, through the addition of specific chemical groups

104
Q

what do the vesicles do?

A

they move the lipids and proteins from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus and then to other destinations in or outside the cell

105
Q

what are lysosomes

A

they contain enzymes that break down macromolecules, releasing the subunits into the cytoplasm for recycling or waste removal
-they are found in animal cells

106
Q

what is the interior of the lysosome like?

A

it is highly acidic, with a PH of 5

107
Q

what are plant vacuoles?

A
  • they act like lysosomes to break down macromolecules
  • they also store ions and water soleuable molecules such as coloful pigments
  • they can also store noxious chemicals adn release them upon damage to deter herbivors
108
Q

what do vacuoles with water do?

A

they provide tugor pressure which helps make the nonwoody parts of the plant cells stiff

109
Q

what does the inner membrane do?

A

-it creates a large surface area with room for many ATP generating enzymes

110
Q

what is the cristae and how is it formed?

A
  • the folds of the inner membrane form the cristae

- the folding of the cristae creates a large surface area for locating the components of the respiratory reactants

111
Q

how do plants use chloroplasts?

A

they use them to capture energy from sunlight to make sugars in a process known as photosynthesis

112
Q

what is a by product of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen which sustains life for humans and many other organisms

113
Q

what do chloroplasts have?

A

they have two outer membranes and an extensive network of internal membranes that contain a green pigment aka chlorophyll

114
Q

what does chlorophyll do

A

it absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light (reflects green) and the absorbed energy is used to split the water molecule, generating energy carriers (ATP) that fuel the synthesis of sugars from carbon dioxide and water

115
Q

what is the cytoskeleton (eukaryotic cells) and what does it consist of

A
  • it consists of filaments and cylinders of filaments and cylinders of special proteins that constitute an internal framework within the cytoplasm
  • it supports the movement of organelles, stregthens cell membranes, and can enable movement
116
Q

what are microtubles and what are they used for

A
  • they are rigid, hollow, cylinders of protein
  • they are used for positioning organelles, moving transport vesicles and other organelles, and generating force to propel the cell
  • guide organelles to their destination within the cell
117
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

they are ropelike cables of protein that provide mechanical and structural reinforcement/support to the cell

118
Q

what are microfilaments

A
  • they are thin, flexible proteins (actin) that create cell shape and generate crawling movements in some cells
  • they can lengthen and shorten to create movement in the cell
119
Q

what is the nuclear membrane supported by?

A

intermediate filaments

120
Q

what does cell crawling in microfilaments do?

A
  • it enables amoebas and slime molds to find food and mating partners
  • wound healing and embryonic development both rely on cell crawling
121
Q

what do cilia do?

A
  • they enable whole cell movement
  • they can move back and forth to move a whole cell through liquid or to move a liquid over the surface of a stationary cell
122
Q

what are inside cillium?

A

microtubles interlinked with motor proteins change shape using energy from ATP

123
Q

Eukaryotic Flagella

A
  • bacteria, archaens, protists, and sperm cells use flagellum to propel themselves through fluid
  • move in a whiplike fashion
124
Q

Prokaryotic Flagella

A
  • they differ from eukaryotic flagella in structure and movement
  • they lack microtubles, are NOT covered by the pasma membrane, spin like a boats propeller
125
Q

how did the eukaryotic cell evolve?

A
  • it was a large predatory cell that engulfed prokaryotic cells
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have been free living prokaryotes that were engulfed
  • mutualism between the engulfed prokaryote and the host cell led to the organelles (mitochondria)
126
Q

what do transport proteins do?

A

they span the width of the plasma membrane and provide pathways by with specific materials can enter or leave

127
Q

how do cells maintain the chemical balance between the interior and exterior of the cell

A

they expend a large amount of energy

128
Q

what is passive transport

A

the spontaneous movement of a substance and without the input of energy

129
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of a substance with input of energy

130
Q

what is diffusion

A

the passive transport of a substance from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

131
Q

how is equilibrium reached

A

when concentration gradients disappeaer

132
Q

what makes the rate of diffusion higher

A

higher temperature, higher difference in concentration, faster they move,

133
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

134
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

lower solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell, which causes water to flow into the cell and make it swell

135
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol of cell which causes water to flow out of the cell and make it shrink

136
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

equal concentration of a solute

137
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

when small molecules can cross cell membrane without assistance

138
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

passive movement of a sbustance with the assistance of membrane transport proteins

139
Q

what are the membrane transport proteins

A
  • channel proteins

- carrier proteins

140
Q

what are channel proteins

A

they move substances down a concentration gradient, without an energy input based on size, shape, and chemical characterisitcs

141
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

they transport molecules across the plasma membrane based on the shape of the molecule,

142
Q

what are the two types of carrier proteins

A
  • passive carrier proteins: assist in diffusion of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
  • active carrier proteins: use ATP to pump ions or molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient
143
Q

what is exocytosis

A

substances to be exported from a cell are packaged into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to expel the contents

144
Q

what is endocytosis

A

brings substances into the cell by wrapping them in a section of the plasma membrane

145
Q

What are the types of endocytosis

A
  • pinocytosis (nonspecific, brings in all the material in an immediate area)
  • receptor mediated endoytosis (specialized receptor proteins determine which substances are incorportated into the vesicle)
  • phagocytosis (ingests large particles and destroy foreign substances)
146
Q

how does cholesterol form LDL particles in the blood?

A

it is hydrophobic so it is packaged with proteins to form LDL

147
Q

what are cell junctions

A

they are plasma membrane structures that link cells to their surroundings

148
Q

whats a tight junction

A

belts of proteins that create leak proof sheets

149
Q

whats an anchoring junction

A

form patches of proteins that link cells that typically undergo heavy structural stress

150
Q

what are gap junctions

A
  • they are connections between the cytoplasms of cells that span the intercellular space between adjacent cells
  • they facilitate the rapid passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells
151
Q

what are plasmodesmata (plant cells)

A
  • tunnels through the cell wall that connect the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of adjacent cells
  • they enable rapid communication between plant cells
152
Q

what is a target cell

A

recieves a signal through receptor protein loacted on the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm and the singal is then relayed internally

153
Q

cholesterol in cell membranes

A

is found in the cell membranes and plugs the space between phospholipids to make them less leaky

BIO 125 Struct. of Living Organisms (3 decks)

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