Test 1 Flashcards
Ralph David Abernathy
Montgomery Preacher who came up with the name Montgomery Improvement Society. He helped write up the demands for the Bus Boycott, and was a close friend and adviser to King even attempting to bail him out and telling him his house had been bombed. He was a founding member of the SCLC and had his own house bombed.
Marian Anderson
Anderson had been scheduled to sing at Washington’s Constitution Hall, but the Daughters of the American Revolution, a political organization that helped manage the concert hall, denied her the right to perform because of her race. The first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, resigned her membership from the organization in protest, and Anderson’s alternate performance at the Lincoln Memorial served greatly to raise awareness of the problem of racial discrimination in America.
Ella Baker
Was a leader in the SCLC and the sit in movement. She believed that students should lead the charge and organized the Youth Leadership Meeting to galvanize youth activism.
Daisy Bates
Mentore for the Little Rock 9. They would gather at her house every day and then carpool to school.
Mary McLeod Bethune
National advisor to President Roosevelt and a member of his Black Cabinet.
Ezell Blair, Jr.
One of the Greensboro 4
Tom Brady
Judge Tom P. Brady of Brookhaven, Mississippi, has been called the “intellectual leader” of the Citizens’ Council movement. He wrote the famous Black Monday speech which criticized Brown V Board and was widely read and distributed.
Minnie Jean Brown
One of the Little Rock 9 who got angry with a short white guy described by Earnest Green as a “Yapping dog” and threw her chili on his head. She was expelled and finished her schooling at a private school.
Roy Bryant
One of the Men who murdered Emmett Till after Till allegedly flirted with his wife. He was acquitted by an all white jury. He confessed to the murder by bragging about it later.
Asa Carter
A speechwriter for George Wallace. He was one of the most violent and extreme white supremacists in the South and was a leader in the KKK. He was involved in the kidnapping and torture of Edward Aaron and wrote Wallace’s famous Segregation inaugural address.
Robert Charles
Ida B Wells called him the hero of New Orleans. He was a black man who was wrongly arrested by 3 white officers and shoots one before grabbing a rifle and killing 5 and injuring dozens before being caught, killed and mutilated.
Kenneth Clark
Psychologist who’s research was a large part of Brown Vs Board
Claudette Colvin
Teenage black girl who was arrested for failing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus. Nixon chose not to use her to spark the movement because she had cussed out the cops and was pregnant out of wedlock.
Bull Connor
Birmingham Commissioner of public safety famous for his violent response to civil rights. He first became a foil for Civil rights when he arrested members of the freedom rides and Shuttlsworth.
U.S. Congressman Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Congressman from Detroit who attended Till’s accusers trial and was treated with incredible racism.
John Doar
Lawyer who worked for Robert Kennedy and witnessed the violence against the Freedom Riders in Montgomery
W. E. B. Du Bois
One of the foremost black intellectuals of the early 20th century. He was a foil to Booker T Washington and pushed for a more activist black civil rights movement. He argued for persistent, manly agitation and after WW1 he said “We return from fighting we return fighting”
Clifford Durr
White Montgomery lawyer and activist who bailed Rosa parks out of prison and played a legal role in the Suit against Montgomery
Virginia Durr
Outspoken wife of Clifford Durr.
Elizabeth Eckford
One of the Little Rock 9 who wasn’t told not to go to school by Daisy Bates and walked through a mob to get there. She was helped by Loach.
President Dwight Eisenhower
President who ordered the desegregation of Little Rock Central High and Nationalized the national Guard to enforce the law. He later called appointing Earl Warren to the Court one of his biggest mistakes.
Sam Ervin
North Carolina Senator who was the author of the Southern Manifesto
James Farmer
The National Director of CORE. He put out the public call for the start of the Freedom Rides and was a passionate and articulate activist. He gave the SNCC students permission to start the Freedom Rides and sit-ins.
Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus
Governor of Arkansas who was considered a race moderate. Facing re-election he decided to block de-segregation at Little Rock Central High but was forced by the Eisenhower Administration to comply.
James Forman
SNCC executive secretary.
Marcus Garvey
Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the early 20th century. He fundamentally agreed that the US was a white mans country and called on Blacks across the world to liberate Africa.
Robert Graetz
White preacher and friend of Rosa Parks who accompanied her to Highlander Folk School and drove cars for blacks during the boycott. He was nearly killed in the Montgomery bombing attack on his home.
Ernest Green
The only of the little rock 9 to graduate.
Fred Gray
Montgomery’s preeminent black attorney. He was the principle attorney for the Montgomery Bus Boycott. He filed suit against Montgomery demanding full integration of the busses
James Hicks
editor of the Amsterdam news. Was the only representatives of the black press at Little Rock.
Myles Horton
Founder of Highlander Folk School as a multiracial gathering of activists. He had roots in the labor movement.
Charles Hamilton Houston
Dean of Howard Law School. He purposefully transformed it into a leading school to fight desegregation and was a mentor of Thurgood Marshall
Bernice Johnson
Founder of the SNCC Freedom signers and leader in the Albany Movement
Judge Frank Johnson
US District Judge who brought in a panel of judges and ruled on the Montgomery Boycott Case in favor of the blacks. He was a law school classmate of Wallace. He forced Wallace to had over voting records and threatened to throw him in jail if he didn’t.
John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy
President of the US and his Brother the Attorney General of the US. They were allies to Civil Rights
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and leading Icon of the Civil Rights movement.
James Lawson
Methodist Minister and Pacifist leader from Ohio who studied non-violence in India. He moved to Nashville at the urging of King and did non-violence workshops for student groups.
Grace Lorch
White women who escorted Elizabeth Eckford to safety during the de-segregation of Little Rock Central High.
Floyd Mann
Alabama director of Public Safety. He agreed to provide an escort for the Freedom Rides through Alabama along with Governor Patterson. He saved the freedom riders from a man in Montgomery.
Thurgood Marshall
Legendary NAACP attorney who was educated at Howard and the attorney for Brown V Board as well as many other cases that challenged segregation. He also represented Law School student Bruce Boynton after he was arrested for seeking service in a white restaurant.
Franklin McCain
One of the Greensboro 4
Joseph McNeil
One of the Greensboro 4
J.W. Milam
One of the Men who murdered Emmett Till. He was acquitted but latter confessed by bragging about the murder.
Mamie Till Mobley
Emmett Till’s mother who insisted on having a public viewing of her sons mutilated body. The shock of his brutal murder helped spark the broader civil rights activism of the 1950s
Anne Moody
Author of Coming of Age in Mississippi which details her fear and her hate after the death of Emmett Till. She says she not only came to hate White people but cowardly blacks as well.
Diane Nash
Student from Fisk University who went through Lawson’s non-violence training. She confronted the Mayor of Nashville and got him to support desegregation and she led the later stages of the Freedom Rides despite pressure from the Kennedy Administration to stop.
E.D. Nixon
President of the Union of sleeping car porters and a protege of A. Philip Randolph. He was a confrontational activist and was looking for someone to spark the bust boycott. He successfully convinced Rosa Parks to become the figurehead of the movement after her arrest. He also helped draw up the demands of the Boycott
Rosa Parks
Montgomery NAACP secretary whose act of protest on the Montgomery buses launched the Montgomery bus boycott at the urging of Nixon. She remained at the forefront of the civil rights movement and was heavily involved in Highlander Folks School
A. Philip Randolph
Founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and a leader in the Double V campaign and threatened a March on Washington which successfully pressured President Roosevelt to Desegregate federal contracting.
David Richmond
One of the Greensboro 4
Jo Ann Robinson
English Professor at Alabama State and president of the Women’s Political Council she printed 35,000 flyers after the Arrest of Rosa Parks and distributed them in support of the Boycott.
Fred Shuttlesworth
1
Mary Louise Smith
Young girl who was a witness for the case against Montgomery because of her forceful removal for not giving up her seat.
Emmett Till
14 Year old Boy from Chicago who was murdered by Bryant and Milam for flirting with Bryants wife. His mother displayed hi body and publicized his death which sparked a wave of activism in the 1950s.
President Harry Truman
Attmpted to desegregate the military but was met with much institutional resistance
George C. Wallace
Alabama Circuit court judge who ran for Governor against John Patterson as a racial moderate but was beaten decisively. Afterwords he became a raging segregationist in order to win white support.
Booker T. Washington
Founder of the Tuskegee Institute. He argued that blacks must advance themselves in separation before they would be broadly excepted. He was seen as many as an appeaser and was at odds with De Bois
Ben West
Mayor of Nashville during the Sit-ins. He told Dianne Nash he supported blacks in the sit-ins.
Roy Wilkins
President of the NAACP from 1955-77. He was criticized for being too cautious and anti-communist by many grassroots activists
Robert Williams
Black Nationalist leader, president of Monroe, NC NAACP and author of Negros with Guns which argued for violent self defense as supposed to nonviolent protest.
Alex Wilson
Black reporter who was hit by a brick by the mob at Little Rock
Mose Wright
Emmett Till’s uncle and a witness to the abduction. When two men were accused of the crime, Wright chose to be a witness at the trial and personally identified the two white defendants. At the time, observers at the trial could not recall another example of a black man testifying against a white defendant.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
First Labor Union founded and led by blacks. It was founded by A. Philip Randolph and E. D. Nixon was a member.
Montgomery Improvement Association
1
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Let the people decide
Ku Klux Klan
Working class white supremacist group that utilized violence to terrorize Civil Rights leaders. Earlier manifestations of the Klan were more concerned with Jews and Catholics than they were Blacks.
White Citizens’ Councils
Upper Class white supremacist group that was referred to as the Country Club Klan. It tended to utilize more passive resistance and was referred to as the Iron Fist in the velvet glove.
Thirteenth Amendment
Abolishing slavery ratified (December,1865)
Fourteenth Amendment
Protecting civil rights from state interference ratified(1868)
Fifteenth Amendment
ratified prohibiting denial of the right to vote on the grounds of race or previous condition of servitude (1870)
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896) Seperate but equal
de jure vs. de facto segregation
De jure = by law
De facto = by customs
4 Pillars of white supremacy
1) economic marginalization through sharecropping, crop lien system, farm tenancy;
2) Jim Crow segregation: the profusion of White and Colored signs [leads to Plessy, 1896];
3) disfranchisement;
4) violence (lynching, mob violence, etc.)
Double Victory
A Philip Randolph. Fascism abroad and racism at home
Jim Bevel
Theologian and Leader of the Nashville sit-ins
