Test 1 Flashcards
About 2/3 of blood leukocytes (white blood cells) are…
PMNs
Life span of a PNM outside the bone marrow?
short-lived cells. In the blood they have a half-life of only 6 hours
At inflammation sites the capillary endothelial cells express ____________________that the PMNs grab onto
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
are the major defense features in crevicular fluid. Crevicular fluid comes from the capillaries below
IgG and PMNs
process and present external Ags on class II HLA molecules
The M-cells
Viridans group and species (mostly a-hemolytic = produce a ‘green’ coloring on blood agar), facultative, produce considerable extracellular matrix, sugar-substrate (= saccharolytic), acidogenic, many tolerate low pH well.
Streptococcus
Found in plaque, mucosa, and respiratory tract, may
cause of purulent (= pus-forming) disease.
o constellatus
o intermedius
o anginosus (some b-hemolytic)
St. anginosus-group. Found
Found in plaque, sugar substrate, produces insoluble polysaccharides, grows well at low pH and produces large amounts of lactic acid – a major cause of caries! Requires solid surface (like enamel) biofilm for optimal colonization, therefore few in edentulous young and old.
S. mutans-group.
‘Pioneer’ species on teeth, make insoluble and soluble
polysaccharides, found on plaque and mucosa. Most common isolated bacteria from subacute bacterial endocarditis; but, mainly ‘good guys.’
S. mitis-group.
S. mutans-group to remember
o mutans*
o sobrinus*
S. mitis-group to remember
o sanguinis
o gordonii
o oralis
o mitis
Colonizes much of the mucosal surface, especially
tongue (acquired within hours of birth), major source of bacteria in saliva, generally considered a ‘good guy.’
S. salivarius-group.
Remember salivarius
Formerly classified as ‘enteric’ streptococci, now placed in this new genera. Facultative, opportunist infections; able to survive harsh environments - significant nosocomial problem. commonly implicated in endodontic root canal failures and persistent infections.
Enterococcus
is commonly implicated in endodontic root canal failures and persistent infections.
E. faecalis
(i.e., found only here: in the mouth) - forms a major portion of plaque flora, increases with gingivitis and associated with root caries, produces extracellular matrix, sugar-substrate, tolerates low pH.
Actinomyces. Autochthonous
Can cause systemic invasive actinomycosis)
A. israelii
etc. Increased numbers correlate well with a high- sugar, ‘cariogenic’ diet (tests are available), associated with dentin caries and the ‘advancing front’ of caries lesions, produces extracellular matrix, sugar- substrate, tolerates low pH well, facultative.
Lactobacillus acidophilus,
Common Aerobic Oral Gram-Negative Cocci: diplococcus, saccharolytic, early colonizers, produce extracellular matrix, some species can metabolize lactate (in theory this could reduce caries by removing acid!), found in ‘mature’ plaque.
Neisseria
Common Anaerobic Oral Gram-Negative Cocci: asaccharolytic, can metabolize lactic acid (in theory could decrease caries by removing acid!), common in oral mucosa and plaque, like Neisseria found in ‘mature’ plaque (again, why do you think?).
Veillonella alcalescens
Common Oral Gram-Negative Rod (formerly Actinobacillus). More common at periodontal disease sites and aggressive periodontitis in young adults than at healthy sites, produces a leukotoxin.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (AA)
Asaccharolytic, produces butyric acid, very long thin rod that many other bacteria attach to, five other spp. F. nucleatum mainly found in perio-pockets, protein-substrates. Associated with periodontitis.
Fusobacterium nucleatum.
. Common in GI tract and found in GI infections. Also associated
with periodontitis. Asaccharolytic.
Bacteroides
Associated with aggressive periodontal infections. Forms the “Red Complex” along with P. gingivalis and T. denticola.
Tannerella.
form the “Red Complex,” which are associated with aggressive Perio. infections.
T. forsythensis.
P. gingivalis
T. denticola
Asaccharolytic - protein-substrate, (do not ferment carbohydrates, i.e. no acid produced!), subgingival, not typical of healthy mouth, many proteases, cytotoxic products.
Porphyromonas
- P. gingivalis. subgingival, associated with periodontitis, not typical of healthy mouth.
- P. endodontalis. often in infected rootcanals.
Found in gingivitis and periodontitis, very anaerobic. Only a portion of this species have been cultured.
Spirochetes Treponema.
T. denticola. Asaccharolytic, protein substrate.Associated with periodontitis.
Latent in Neuron, Causes cold sore, oral ulcers
Herpes Simplex Virus-1
latent in Neuron, causes general sores
Herpes Simplex Virus-2
Latent in Neurons, causes chickenpox, and shingles
Varicella-zoster virus
Latent in B cells, causes infectious mono, and in rare cases Burkitt’s lymphoma when latent in Oral epithelial cells.
Epstein Barr virus
Latent in Lymph./Mono. causes a congenital infection if the mother is exposed and has no immunity to it.
Cytomegalovirus
Latent in Mono/M0, and T Cells respectively. Causes Roseola Infantum in kids (high fever)
HHV-6, and HHV-7
Latent in Lymphocytes, causes Kapoi’s Sarcoma, which rarely occurs except for in AIDS patients and the immunocompromised.
Kaposi’s Sarcoma Virus
is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the USA
HSV-1 keratitis
Burkitt’s Lymphoma is usually associated with?
immunosuppression usually caused by malaria
EBV infection in immunosuppressed patients (especially AIDS patients) is also the cause of…
Hairy Leukoplakia
a benign, white lesion often on the lateral surface of the tongue, caused by hyperkeratosis and epithelial hyperplasia.
Hairy Leukoplakia
precancerous condition most commonly associated with tobacco use.
Leukoplakia
has been linked with Burkitt’s Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Epstein-Barr virus
causes Kaposi’s sarcoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma virus
have been linked with liver cancer in people
with chronic infections.
Hepatitis B and C viruses
a retrovirus, has been linked to T-cell leukemia.
HTLV-I
have been linked with cervical and oral
cancers.
HPV
causes Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare and
highly aggressive skin cancer.
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)
is the most common cause of intrauterine infections, and of congenital abnormalities in the USA
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV)
These viruses are members of the Picornaviridae family, enterovirus genus. These are all ssRNA, non-enveloped, hardy viruses. (Other important members of the Picrornaviridae family include Polivirus and the Hepatitis A virus.) The Coxsackie virus group causes several very common, but usually mild diseases, primarily in young children.
Coxsackie Viruses
Coxsackie Viruses which causes a non-specific flu-like illness of several days duration. These symptoms are accompanied by herpes-like oropharyngitis (thus the rather confusing name of Herpangina) of the throat.
Herpangina
Coxsackie Viruses that is again a disease primarily of young children, and is easily diagnosed by its classic distribution of pathology in the hands, feet, and mouth.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
is probably the most communicable human disease known – almost 100% of non-immune individuals would quickly become infected and show disease (no ‘iceberg effect’). Without immunization, measles would be universal.
Measles Virus. Measles, or Rubeola
is also caused by a ssRNA, enveloped, Paramyxovirus. As with measles, it is an almost ubiquitous disease in non-immunized populations. Unlike measles though, there is a significant number of infected individuals who do not show symptoms (i.e., there is an ‘iceberg effect’), and there are few deaths.
Mumps virus
