Test 1 Flashcards
The fate of iron after a RBC is dismantled
Iron is reutilized in the bone marrow for developing RBCs
How is Globen reutilized when a RBC is decommissioned?
Globin is reutilized for the production of Amino Acids
The fate of Heme…
degraded into bilirubin which is excreted in the bile into the intestines, where it is either reutilized or metabolized and excreted in the form of urobilinogen and stercobilinogen in the urine and feces.
Plasma vs. Serum
Serum has no clotting factors
What is Plasma?
Aqueous solution of inorganic salts which is constantly exchanged with extracellular fluid
medium of all body tissues
Fluid interstitium containing connective tissue composed of free cells
What is Serum
Clear fluid remaining after blood clots and traps blood cells in its matrix
Percentage of packed volume of cellular elements that constitute blood
45% of blood cells, 44% are RBCs and remaining 1% is WBCs
What is the Buffy coat?
The 1% of WBCs which settle on top of RBCs Heparin: Anti-clotting factor
How many Antibodies are there? What are they?
5 Antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) “GAMED”
How many light chains are there in antibodies?
2 light chains (Kappa, Lambda)
Where do the immunoglobulins migrate on an electrophoresis?
Migrate in the gamma globulins therefore they migrate in the gama regions
Other names for Immunoglobulins?
Antibodies or gamma globulin
All possible names for a neutrophil?
poly, segs, neuts, neutrophils, PMN (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)
which WBC are considered Granulocytes?
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
which WBC are considered
Agranulocytes?
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Give rise to T-Cells & B-Cells. B-Cells mature into
IMMUNOGLOBULIN secreting plasma cells
Lymphocytes
“HALLMARK OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION”
Neutrophils
Which is the hallmark cell of acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute = Neutrophil Chronic = Lymphocyte
Which of the WBC have specific granules?
neutrophils(80% specific), esinophils, basophils (all 3 are granulocytesq/ granular leukocytes)
Which of the WBC have and non-specific?
neutrophils(20% non-specific), agranulocytes(lymphocytes/mononuclear leukocytes)
Which two of the granulocytes have bilobed nuclei vs multiple segmented nuclei?
Bilobed nuclei: Eosinophil, Basophil
Multiple segmented nuclei: Neutrophil
Another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
Where do Thrombocytes come from?
Thrombocytes are cytoplasmic fragments in shapes of discs that are derived from gigantic multinucleated cells in bone marrow called Megakaryocytes
What are the two things that are the most characteristic about eosinohpils and what they survey against?
allergy and parasites
Which things are responsible for opsonization
IgG and C3B
What adult tissues and/or organs are involved with hematopoiesis?
Adults - Hematopoiesis takes place exclusively in the bone marrow of specific bones
such as flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, and proximal ends of
some long bones
What embryonic organs are involved with hematopoiesis?
Early in embryonic development it begins in the yolk sac Islands (Mesenchyme). A little
later, The liver becomes major site, and after further development the spleen and lymph
nodes supplement this activity and then bone.
Another name for a tissue monocyte and what’s another name for a tissue basophil?
Monocytes: Phagocytes or histiocytes in tissue
Basophil: Mast cells-in connective tissue
What is the immune adherence phenomenon?
Opsinization of the pathogen with lots of C3b
What are the 3 complement units in order?
Recognition
Activation
Membrane attack
Another name for C3b, and IgE
REAGENIC
Reagenic antibody
In the complement system what are the components of last unit (Membrane attack complex)?
C5b C6 C7 C8 C9
which 2 components part of immune adherence phenomenon
C3b and C4-C2
Process of opsonization dependent on…
Fc portion of IgG and compliment C3B
which 2 components act as anaphylactoxins
C3a, and C5a
Where is secretory IgA found?
Known as the “secretory antibody” because secreted in: tears, saliva, lumen of the gut, and the
nasal cavity
How many IgG’s do u need to start compliment vs IgM’s?
2 IgG’s or 1 IgM
Which antibodies cross the placenta?
IgG Antibodies
Which antibodies can be seen in breast milk?
IgG Antibodies, IgA Antibodies
Whats another name or what antibodies are reaginic?
IgE
Where is secretory IgA found?
Known as the “secretory antibody” because secreted in: tears, saliva, lumen of the gut, and the
nasal cavity
Define Dendritic Cells
Antigen presenting cells.
Define -NK Cells
Important in attacking virally infected cells through the release of enzyme in their
granules. Also, able to secrete interferon which prevents healthy host cells from becoming
infected by virus.
Define Langerhan Cells
Antigen presenting cells found in the skin. Assist the body in presenting antigenic peptides present on viruses to T-Helper Cells for destruction and memory of viral antigens
Define Kupffer Cells
Large cells with a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and functions in phagocytosis. Seen in
chronic inflammation as they are long lived cells. Kupffer cells in the liver.
Define Microglial Cells
macrophages in brain act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the
CNS.
Define Dust cell
Macrophage in lungs.
Define Mast Cells
Basophils in connective tissue.
which is the first antibody to appear in an acute/primary response to infection/inflammation?
IgM
which lymphoid organs/tissues are primary?
Primary lymphoid organs= thymus, bursa equivalent (includes Gut Associated Lymphyoid Tissue(GALT), tonsils, peyer’s patches of the ileum, appendix)
which lymphoid organs/tissues are Secondary?
Secondary lymphoid organs= spleen, lymph nodes, GALT (considered secondary at birth)
Hassal’s Corpuscles and their preposed function
Scattered throughout medulla and concentrically arranged
Numbers increased with age
Function unknown; suggested to be location of T-lymphocyte death in medulla
What are marginal zones
Regions between red and white pulp that are poorly defined that receive much of the blood entering the spleen
Marginal Zones divides the white pulp and red pulp and is primarily composed of plasma cells
Marginal zones contain large numbers of macrophages and phagocytes that degrade trapped cells and particles
What is the? Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath
Diffuse lymphoid tissue forms a cuff around the arterial branches, composing the PALS. PALS are populated by T-Cells. PALS in addition to the Lymphoid nodules constitute the white pulp.
White pulp is…
composed of diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue. White pulp is organized around the arteries of the parenchyma. Has both B and T cells. A white island in a sea of red.
Red pulp is…
Diffuse T cells infiltrated with RBC in lymphoid tissue.
Describe a Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction
In most cases it results from antigen-induced release of
vasoactive mediators from mast cell granules. Examples
of antigens include pollens, foods, drugs, and insect
venom.
Describe a Type II: Cytotoxic Antibody Reactions
Involve primarily either the combination of IgG or
IgM antibodies attached on the surface of normal
tissues (i.e. RBC’s) due to absorption of an
antigen.
Examples includes mismatched blood
transfusions, Goodpasture Syndrome, or
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Describe Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity Reactions
Circulating antigen-antibody immune complexes
are deposited in tissues, complement is activated,
and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN’s) are
attracted to the site. They release lysosomal
enzymes, causing tissue damage and inflammation
Examples of immune complex diseases include
Glomerulonephritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
The most important thing to know about Type IV: Cell-Mediated Reactions or Delayed Hypersensitivity
No complement, no antibodies
Working with T cells
