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ASDOH 528 Immunology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The fate of iron after a RBC is dismantled

A

Iron is reutilized in the bone marrow for developing RBCs

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2
Q

How is Globen reutilized when a RBC is decommissioned?

A

Globin is reutilized for the production of Amino Acids

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3
Q

The fate of Heme…

A

degraded into bilirubin which is excreted in the bile into the intestines, where it is either reutilized or metabolized and excreted in the form of urobilinogen and stercobilinogen in the urine and feces.

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4
Q

Plasma vs. Serum

A

Serum has no clotting factors

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5
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Aqueous solution of inorganic salts which is constantly exchanged with extracellular fluid
medium of all body tissues

Fluid interstitium containing connective tissue composed of free cells

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6
Q

What is Serum

A

Clear fluid remaining after blood clots and traps blood cells in its matrix

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7
Q

Percentage of packed volume of cellular elements that constitute blood

A

45% of blood cells, 44% are RBCs and remaining 1% is WBCs

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8
Q

What is the Buffy coat?

A

The 1% of WBCs which settle on top of RBCs Heparin: Anti-clotting factor

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9
Q

How many Antibodies are there? What are they?

A

5 Antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) “GAMED”

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10
Q

How many light chains are there in antibodies?

A

2 light chains (Kappa, Lambda)

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11
Q

Where do the immunoglobulins migrate on an electrophoresis?

A

Migrate in the gamma globulins therefore they migrate in the gama regions

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12
Q

Other names for Immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies or gamma globulin

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13
Q

All possible names for a neutrophil?

A

poly, segs, neuts, neutrophils, PMN (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)

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14
Q

which WBC are considered Granulocytes?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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15
Q

which WBC are considered

Agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Macrophages

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16
Q

Give rise to T-Cells & B-Cells. B-Cells mature into

IMMUNOGLOBULIN secreting plasma cells

A

Lymphocytes

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17
Q

“HALLMARK OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION”

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

Which is the hallmark cell of acute and chronic inflammation?

A 
Acute = Neutrophil          
Chronic = Lymphocyte
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19
Q

Which of the WBC have specific granules?

A

neutrophils(80% specific), esinophils, basophils (all 3 are granulocytesq/ granular leukocytes)

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20
Q

Which of the WBC have and non-specific?

A

neutrophils(20% non-specific), agranulocytes(lymphocytes/mononuclear leukocytes)

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21
Q

Which two of the granulocytes have bilobed nuclei vs multiple segmented nuclei?

A

Bilobed nuclei: Eosinophil, Basophil

Multiple segmented nuclei: Neutrophil

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22
Q

Another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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23
Q

Where do Thrombocytes come from?

A

Thrombocytes are cytoplasmic fragments in shapes of discs that are derived from gigantic multinucleated cells in bone marrow called Megakaryocytes

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24
Q

What are the two things that are the most characteristic about eosinohpils and what they survey against?

A

allergy and parasites

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25
Q

Which things are responsible for opsonization

A

IgG and C3B

26
Q

What adult tissues and/or organs are involved with hematopoiesis?

A

Adults - Hematopoiesis takes place exclusively in the bone marrow of specific bones
such as flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, and proximal ends of
some long bones

27
Q

What embryonic organs are involved with hematopoiesis?

A

Early in embryonic development it begins in the yolk sac Islands (Mesenchyme). A little
later, The liver becomes major site, and after further development the spleen and lymph
nodes supplement this activity and then bone.

28
Q

Another name for a tissue monocyte and what’s another name for a tissue basophil?

A

Monocytes: Phagocytes or histiocytes in tissue
Basophil: Mast cells-in connective tissue

29
Q

What is the immune adherence phenomenon?

A

Opsinization of the pathogen with lots of C3b

30
Q

What are the 3 complement units in order?

A

Recognition
Activation
Membrane attack

31
Q

Another name for C3b, and IgE

A

REAGENIC

Reagenic antibody

32
Q

In the complement system what are the components of last unit (Membrane attack complex)?

A

C5b C6 C7 C8 C9

33
Q

which 2 components part of immune adherence phenomenon

A

C3b and C4-C2

34
Q

Process of opsonization dependent on…

A

Fc portion of IgG and compliment C3B

35
Q

which 2 components act as anaphylactoxins

A

C3a, and C5a

36
Q

Where is secretory IgA found?

A

Known as the “secretory antibody” because secreted in: tears, saliva, lumen of the gut, and the
nasal cavity

37
Q

How many IgG’s do u need to start compliment vs IgM’s?

A

2 IgG’s or 1 IgM

38
Q

Which antibodies cross the placenta?

A

IgG Antibodies

39
Q

Which antibodies can be seen in breast milk?

A

IgG Antibodies, IgA Antibodies

40
Q

Whats another name or what antibodies are reaginic?

A

IgE

41
Q

Where is secretory IgA found?

A

Known as the “secretory antibody” because secreted in: tears, saliva, lumen of the gut, and the
nasal cavity

42
Q

Define Dendritic Cells

A

Antigen presenting cells.

43
Q

Define -NK Cells

A

Important in attacking virally infected cells through the release of enzyme in their
granules. Also, able to secrete interferon which prevents healthy host cells from becoming
infected by virus.

44
Q

Define Langerhan Cells

A

Antigen presenting cells found in the skin. Assist the body in presenting antigenic peptides present on viruses to T-Helper Cells for destruction and memory of viral antigens

45
Q

Define Kupffer Cells

A

Large cells with a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and functions in phagocytosis. Seen in
chronic inflammation as they are long lived cells. Kupffer cells in the liver.

46
Q

Define Microglial Cells

A

macrophages in brain act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the
CNS.

47
Q

Define Dust cell

A

Macrophage in lungs.

48
Q

Define Mast Cells

A

Basophils in connective tissue.

49
Q

which is the first antibody to appear in an acute/primary response to infection/inflammation?

A

IgM

50
Q

which lymphoid organs/tissues are primary?

A

Primary lymphoid organs= thymus, bursa equivalent (includes Gut Associated Lymphyoid Tissue(GALT), tonsils, peyer’s patches of the ileum, appendix)

51
Q

which lymphoid organs/tissues are Secondary?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs= spleen, lymph nodes, GALT (considered secondary at birth)

52
Q

Hassal’s Corpuscles and their preposed function

A

Scattered throughout medulla and concentrically arranged

Numbers increased with age

Function unknown; suggested to be location of T-lymphocyte death in medulla

53
Q

What are marginal zones

A

Regions between red and white pulp that are poorly defined that receive much of the blood entering the spleen

Marginal Zones divides the white pulp and red pulp and is primarily composed of plasma cells

Marginal zones contain large numbers of macrophages and phagocytes that degrade trapped cells and particles

54
Q

What is the? Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue forms a cuff around the arterial branches, composing the PALS. PALS are populated by T-Cells. PALS in addition to the Lymphoid nodules constitute the white pulp.

55
Q

White pulp is…

A

composed of diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue. White pulp is organized around the arteries of the parenchyma. Has both B and T cells. A white island in a sea of red.

56
Q

Red pulp is…

A

Diffuse T cells infiltrated with RBC in lymphoid tissue.

57
Q

Describe a Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

In most cases it results from antigen-induced release of
vasoactive mediators from mast cell granules. Examples
of antigens include pollens, foods, drugs, and insect
venom.

58
Q

Describe a Type II: Cytotoxic Antibody Reactions

A

Involve primarily either the combination of IgG or
IgM antibodies attached on the surface of normal
tissues (i.e. RBC’s) due to absorption of an
antigen.

Examples includes mismatched blood
transfusions, Goodpasture Syndrome, or
Erythroblastosis fetalis

59
Q

Describe Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

Circulating antigen-antibody immune complexes
are deposited in tissues, complement is activated,
and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN’s) are
attracted to the site. They release lysosomal
enzymes, causing tissue damage and inflammation

Examples of immune complex diseases include
Glomerulonephritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

60
Q

The most important thing to know about Type IV: Cell-Mediated Reactions or Delayed Hypersensitivity

A

No complement, no antibodies

Working with T cells

ASDOH 528 Immunology (3 decks)

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