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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is endemic

A

persistent, usual, expected ex: obesity

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2
Q

Epidemic

A

avocet the expected ex. flu

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3
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic affecting a large number of people, many countries, continents or regions ex. swine, ebola

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4
Q

what are the types of prevention

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

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5
Q

why do we use rates

A

compare two populations

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6
Q

what are the types of data

A

nominal, ordinal, discrete, continuous

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7
Q

what is nominal data

A

unordered categories: sec disease, race

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8
Q

what is original data

A

categorical, agree neutral, disagree

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9
Q

what is discrete data

A

whole number

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10
Q

what is continuous data

A

has decimals, dose

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11
Q

what is exhaustive

A

every possibility on the list

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12
Q

what is exclusive

A

only fall in one category

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13
Q

What is the IRB and what does it stand for

A

Institutional review board

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14
Q

what is the purpose of a pilot study

A

to work out the kinks

make sure the target population understands

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15
Q

what is the most common statistic used when looking at infant death

A

infant mortality rate

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16
Q

what are the four general areas of statistics

A

descriptive, probably, inferential, statistical techniques

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17
Q

basic setup of population pyramids

A

females, males, age

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18
Q

what is the definition of epidemiology

A

disease, illness and ill health are not randomly distributed in human populations

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19
Q

efficacy

A

produce the desired effect

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20
Q

effectiveness

A

produce benefits

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21
Q

what is viability

A

the capacity of the pathogen or disease-causing agent to survive outside the host and to exit or thrive in the environment

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22
Q

focus groups are what kind of research

non-numerical and can only be classified into one of a group of categories. EX: marital status, race

A

qualitative

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23
Q

numerical are what kind of research

observation measured on a numerical scale and can be measures as how many, long and how much and so on

A

quantitative

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24
Q

what is chronic

A

less severe but of long and continuous duration, lasting over long periods of time.
HIV

25
Q

what is acute

A

disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms. Comes on suddenly and leaves fairly quickly
COLD

26
Q

what is vertical

A

from an individual to its offspring through sperm, placenta, milk or vaginal

27
Q

what is horizontal

A

from an infected individual to a susceptible person

28
Q

whats an example of Direct

A

std

29
Q

what is an example of common vehicle

A

water and food borne

30
Q

what is an example of airborne

A

TB

31
Q

what is an example of vector borne

A

mosquito, ticks, malaria

32
Q

communicable

A

past from person to person. All communicable diseases are infectious

33
Q

infectious

A

it has an infectious agent. not all infectious diseases are communicable

34
Q

incidence rate

A

-number of new cases of a specified disease reported during a given time. —————–MEASURES RISK

number of new cases/population x100,000

35
Q

attack rate

A

always a %
specific epidemic period
it is an event

sick/ population x 100

36
Q

crude mortality rate

A

of deaths during a time period/ population from which death occurred x100,000

37
Q

cause specific mortality rate

A

restrictions of demographics

of deaths from specifics cause in certain time/population from which x100,000

38
Q

case fatality rate

A

people who die after being diagnosed, severity and effectiveness of therapy

of deaths from a specific disease in a specific time/ # of cases of the disease during the same period of time x100

39
Q

proportionate mortality

A

of deaths from specifics occuring during a certain time/ all deaths in time period x100

40
Q

birth rate

A

of live births in a pop during a certain time/population from which births occurred x1,000

41
Q

infant mortality rate

A

measures health status of a community population.
-prenatal and postnatal nutrition, drugs, affordable health services, status of women, equality, immunization, breastfeeding

of deaths among infants 0-1 year during a specified period/ # of live births in the same time period x1,000

42
Q

maternal mortality rate

A
  • deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy
  • care and availability and utilization of healthcare facilities
  • tremendous loss to society

of deaths due to child birth during specific period of time/ # of live births in the same time period x 100,000

43
Q

incidence

A

new, measures risk

44
Q

prevalence

A

all cases, measures burden

45
Q

prevalence rates

A

all disease. contains incidence

of cases of a disease/ # of people in a population x100

46
Q

crude rates

A

everyone who died over population

47
Q

what are the 9 steps of research process

A 
1 step: Research Question 				
•	interest
•	hot topics/ news
you have to look for feasibility with topics
2 step: literature review (gives ideas)
3 step: Develop Methodology 
•	type
•	incentives
•	access to population (how do I find them)

QUANTATIVE- saturation(repeated info)
• survey- paper and pencil- secondary analysis-
• observation

QUALITATIVE- saturation
• interview 1-1
• focus groups 6-8

DEMOGRAPHICS OF PARTICIPANTS
• Inclusion criteria (exclusion)
NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS

PROCEDURES:
•	Who
•	When
•	Where/ How
•	What

4th step: IRB (institutional review board) approval
• Rights of participants
• Ethics

5th step: PILOT TEST

6th step: CONDUCT RESEARCH
• Collect data

7th Step: PREPARE/ CLEAN DATA
8th Step: ANALYZE DATA
8TH step: WRITE ARTICLE

48
Q

virulence

A

the severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison

49
Q

invasiveness

A

tendency to spread

50
Q

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

A

etiology

51
Q

fomites

A

objects, clothes, something that harbors a disease and transmits

52
Q

reservoirs

A

habitat which agent grows (living or not)

53
Q

host

A

an organism, usually a human or an animal, that harbors the disease

54
Q

what is the basic premise of epidemiology?

A

disease is not random

55
Q

passive immunity

A

Transfer from one individual to another of active Hugh moral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies

example transplacental transferred to the unborn child of amothers immunity from diseases

56
Q

active immunity

A

Occurs when the body produces its own antibodies. This can occur through a vaccine or in response to having a specific disease pathogen invade the body.

57
Q

case report studies

A

in depth investigation of individual facts in chronological order

58
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

collection at a single point

epi (3 decks)

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