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epi > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

between group

A

strongest methodological design

-outcomes are compared between two or more groups of people receiving different levels of the intervention

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2
Q

within-group

A

pretest, posttest

-analyze the same person after tests

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3
Q

any characteristic that can be measured or categorized

A

variable

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4
Q

what is a standard deviation?

what percent of data should fall within one standard deviation

A
  • spread of the data

- 68.2%

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5
Q

positively skewed

A

right

-bulk of data is on the negative end of the scale, the longer tail trails toward the positive end of the scale

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6
Q

Negatively skewed

A

left

-bulk of the data iso n the positive end of the scale, the longer tail trails towards the negative end of the scale

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7
Q

normally distributed

A

shaped like a bell, symmetric

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8
Q

type 1 error

A

we reject Ho when Ho is true

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9
Q

Type 2 error

A

accept Ho when Ho is false

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10
Q

what are p-values and what does it determine

A
  • Probability that ranges from 0 to 1 and provides a means of evaluating the role of chance
  • As sample size increases, the probability that the result is due to chance decreases
  • Ex. P value of 0.02 means there is a 0.02 probability that the result occurred by chance
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11
Q

what is a random sample

A
  • Putting a name in a hat and pulling them out
  • Not really knowing what the expected outcome is
  • Variable whose numerical value is determined by a chance mechanism
  • everyone has the same probability of being chosen
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12
Q

What is the placebo effect? How does it interfere with research?

A
  • is defined as the effects on patient outcomes that may occur due to the expectation by a patient that a particular intervention will have an effect
  • psychological factors influence this
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13
Q

what are the phases of a clinical trial

A
  1. SAFETY. FDA approval. Safe for human consumption Unblended and uncontrolled. Less than 30 patients.
  2. 50 people. Randomized and blinded. –tolerability –safe dosage –side effects –how the body copes with the drug. Also sees what the treatment effective against
  3. may involve thousands. Randomized. Evaluate efficacy of new treatment. Different dosage and methods of administration
  4. after approval of FDA. Look for side effects and further therapeutic uses
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14
Q

placebo controlled study, subjects are blinded but investigators are aware of who is receiving the active treatment

A

single-blinding

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15
Q

the gold standard- neither the subjects nor the investigators know who is receiving the active treatment

A

double-blind

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16
Q

not only are the treatment and research approaches kept a secret from the subjects and investigators, but the analyses are completed in a manner that is removed from the investigators

A

triple-blinded

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17
Q

what statistics do we calculate fro case control studies

A

odds ratio

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18
Q

what statistics for cohort studies

A

relative risk

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19
Q

what does odds ratio show

A

odds of exposure. measures the association between exposure and disease variables

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20
Q

what does risk ratios show

A

what is the chance you will get the disease

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21
Q

what study design is ideas for rare conditions

A

case controls

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22
Q

what is recall bias? when does it likely occur?

A

Disease may affect memory of the situation. Ex; babies with health problems and considered differential recall if bias exists differently between controls and cases.

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23
Q

how do we conduct group (frequency) matching?

A
  • Process of selecting the controls so that they are similar to the cases in certain. -Two types: Pair and Frequency.
  • Frequency are a proportion of controls with certain characteristics matches the proportion of cases with the same characteristic.
  • Cases have to be selected first.
  • Pair is every individual is matched with a control.
24
Q

what population can we generalize from

A

The population where we took the sample from.

25
Q

at what stage do we want to avoid bias

A

easiest to avoid bias at the design stage

26
Q

case control studies

A

disease to exposure

27
Q

prospective studies

A

exposure to disease (start now and follow)

28
Q

retrospective studies

A

find a group that existed in the past and follow to see if they got the disease

29
Q

what is a confounding factor? what examples did we talk about in class?

A
  • it influences the exposure and disease.
  • Coffee drinking was linked to heart disease (smoking was actually the confounder)
  • Vegetarianism was linked to better health (the confounder was health conscious)
30
Q

for case controls studies, how many controls do we need? what is ideal?

A

1 case for 4 controls

31
Q

why do we use YPLL?

A
  • Things that kill people young
  • Health priorities
  • Death of someone young means limiting productivity
32
Q

individual YPLL

A

65- age of death

33
Q

group YPLL

A

age groups youngest age + oldest age +1 /2

65-midpoint

multiply midpoint by how many people died

34
Q

YPLL stands for

A

years of potential life lost

35
Q

what is the odds ratio

A

(AD)/ (BC)

36
Q

what is the relative risk

A

Ie/Io

37
Q

how do you interpret relative risk

A

the risk of (disease) among (exposed) is x times higher (or lower) among (non exposure)

38
Q

how do you interpret odds ratio

A

among those with (disease) the odds of having (exposure) are x times greater (or less) than those (without disease)

39
Q

what does odds ratio measure

A

association between exposure and disease in case control studies

40
Q

what does relative risk measure

A

risk of disease

41
Q

what is attributable risk

A

Ie-Io

42
Q

what is attributable risk proportion

A

Ie-Io/ ie x100

43
Q

what is population attributable risk

A

It- Io

44
Q

what is population attributable risk proportion

A

It-Io/ It x 100

45
Q

what is the rate of incidence in exposed group or IE

A

A/ (A+B)

46
Q

what is the rate of incidence in non exposed group or IO

A

C/ (C+D)

47
Q

how do you interpret attributable risk

A

is the amount or proportion of disease incidence (of disease risk) that can be attributed to a specific exposure.

How much of the lung cancer risk experienced by smokers can be attributed to smoking?

48
Q

Variables go in

A

columns

49
Q

participants in

A

rows

50
Q

In experimental research we use

A

intervention or experimental group and a control.

51
Q

In a case control study we

A

cases and controls.

52
Q

what do we use to calculate sample size

A

formulas

53
Q

what is frequency

A

are a proportion of controls with certain characteristics matches the proportion of cases with the same characteristic.

54
Q

what is pair

A

every individual is matched with a control.

55
Q

what is IT

A

a+c/n

56
Q

interpret attributable risk

A

Among those with the exposure, how much of the disease is attributed to the exposure?

_____% of the disease is attributable to exposure

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