Test 1 Flashcards
Homeostasis
Tendency of a physiological system to maintain internal stability.
Living vs Nonliving Organisms
Living have a way of isolating themselves from the outside environment.
2 Main Components of Biological Membranes
Lipids and proteins.
Organelles with (2) Membranes
Nucleus and mitochondria.
Mitochondria
Responsible for the oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Responsible for the synthesis of lipids and proteins.
Carbohydrates
(CH2O)n - most abundant organic molecule. Main role is energy source. Important for cell to cell communication as well as a structural component for membranes.
Glucose
Hexose - 6 carbon sugar. Exists in (2) forms: open chain and ring form.
Ribose
Pentose - 5 carbon sugar.
Isomers
Same chemical formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms.
Enantiomers
Mirror image of a molecule.
Glycolysis
Breakdown of carbohydrates. Occurs in the cytosol.
Carbohydrate Digestion
Begins in the mouth with alpha-amylase.
SGLT1
Sodium active transport for absorption of carbohydrates.
GLUT
Passive transport: dependent of blood glucose concentration and is insulin induced.
Lactose Intolerance
Improper degradation of disaccharides, leading to stomach issues.
Catabolic Pathway
Breakdown of molecules which releases ATP & NADH.
Anabolic Pathway
Using energy to make bigger compounds.
What is the function of ADH?
Maintenance of body water balance.
Which of the following would occur if a cell had malfunctioning carnitine translocase enzymes?
The cell would not be able to get energy from beta-oxidation of F.A.
Carnitine Translocase
Transfers F.A. acids into the mitochondria so energy can be made from it.
Ketogenesis
Build up of AcetylCoA.
Which of the following cell types can synthesize phospholipids?
All cells other than RBC’s can make phospholipids.
T/F mRNA modification does not occur in prokaryotes.
True - prokaryotes do not have a nucleus they have no way to separate their cellular processes.
What enzymes are involved with lipid digestion?
CCK, secretin, and lipases.
Use of dietary FA by the body
Enter into muscle cells, enter adipocytes, or remain in the blood.
What is the rate limiting step of F.A. Synthesis?
Acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA catalyzed by ACC.
Which amino acid is responsible for beta-bends in protein folding?
Proline
Which amino acid contributes to disulfide bonds?
Cysteine
Families of A.A.
Acidic, basic, polar and non-polar.
Stop Codons
UGA, UAG, UGG
Alternative Splicing
Allows for the same gene to code for multiple proteins.
A Binding Site of the Ribosome
Is where they are coming in.
Where does N-linked glycosylation start?
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
T/F the nuclear membrane is associated with the membrane of the SER.
False, associated with the RER.
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
Protein folding.
What is the correct binding sequence of a ribosome during protein synthesis?
A-P-E
Protein transport into the ER requires?
Energy
T/F the signal sequence directing proteins to the ER membrane is contained in the C-terminus of a polypeptide.
False, it is contained in the N-terminus.
A signal sequence located in the C-term of a protein signifies?
Transport into peroxisomes.
Type I Transmembrane Protein
C in cytosol.
Type I Transmembrane Protein
C-term on cytosolic side.
Type II Transmembrane Protein
N-term on cytosolic side.
T/F O-glycosylation is important for the functional conformation of a protein.
True
Glycolysis Regulation
- Glucokinase inhibited by high concentration of glucose 6-phosphate and glucagon.
- Phoshphofructokinase (PFK) is inhibited by ATP.
Glycolysis NET Gain
2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
Energy Investment of Glycolysis
Steps 1-3
Energy Creation of Glycolysis
Steps 6-10
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Occurs in cytosol and pyruvate goes to fermentation. NO ATP or NADH production.
What happens to pyruvate produced by glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?
It undergoes anaerobic fermentation and results in the production of lactate.
What AA is the precursor for melatonin?
Tryptophan
Hydroxylation of what AA yields dopa which is converted to the neurotransmitter dopamine?
Tyrosine
What is the function of ADH?
Maintenance of body water balance.
Aerobic Glycolysis
Pyruvate is transported to mitochondria for TCA & ETC, ATP & NADH is generated.
First Step of TCA
Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA to make citrate. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. NAD+ is reduced to NADH and then goes into ETC.
NET Products of TCA
(6) NADH, (2) FADH2, and (2) GTP
ETC
Respiratory Chain: consists of 3 transmembrane enzymatic complexes. NADH donates electrons.
ATP-synthase
Proton channel that pumps protons into the inner mitochondrial membrane space. Fo is the proton channel, and F1 is where the ATP synthesis happens.
Gluconeogenesis
Production of glucose from non-sugar molecules like AA, lactate, and glycerol.
Gluconeogenesis Regulation
Glucagon stimulates & insulin inhibits.
4 Unique Reactions
Pyruvate Carboxylase, PEP-carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and Glucose 6-Phosphate.
Glycogenesis
Storing glucose as glycogen, occurs in the skeletal muscle and liver. Occurs in cytosol and requires ATP & GTP.
Glycogenesis Regulation
Glucagon inhibits & insulin stimulates.
