Test 1

Question 1

Nominal Scale of Measurement

Answer 1

Based on classification of an observation according to the group to which it belongs

Ex. Gender, political party, marital status

Question 2

Ordinal Scale of Measurement

Answer 2

Classification of an observation according to its relationship to other observations

Ex. Poor-fair-good rating scale

Question 3

Continuous (Interval) Scale of Measurement

Answer 3

Measurement scale with equal units of measurement. Distance between two numbers is known. Zero point is arbitrary.

Ex. Fahrenheit and centigrade

Question 4

Continuous (Ratio) Scale of Measurement

Answer 4

Characterized by equal units of measurement and a true zero point.

Ex. Mass, time

Question 5

Populations

Answer 5

Greek symbols; not a variable

Question 6

Samples

Answer 6

Roman characters; variables

Question 7

Mode

Answer 7

Most frequent measurement. Most useful with nominal scale.

Question 8

Median

Answer 8

Middle value when measurements arranged in order of magnitude. Most useful with ordinal scale.

Question 9

Mean

Answer 9

Sum of measurements divided by total measurements. Most useful with interval or ratio.

Question 10

Range

Answer 10

Difference between the largest and smallest measurements

Question 11

Interquartile Range

Answer 11

The range between a quarter of the data.

Question 12

Variance (MS)

Answer 12

Average of the square of deviations of measurements about the mean. Considered in terms of the distance of each measurement from the mean. “Degrees of freedom”

Calculate mean -> subtract mean from each measurement and squaring result -> add these deviations to get some of squares (SS) -> divide SS by sample number-1

Question 13

Standard Deviation (SD)

Answer 13

Positive square root of the variance

Question 14

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

Answer 14

Unitless measurement of the percentage of the spread.

Question 15

Standard error of the mean (SE or SEM)

Answer 15

Relates to sample size. Used to assess how accurately a sample mean reflects a population mean.

SE=SD/square root of N

Question 16

Efficacy

Answer 16

The extent something produces results under IDEAL CONDITIONS

Question 17

Effectiveness

Answer 17

Extent to which something produces results when deployed under routine conditions

REAL WORLD

Question 18

Hierarchy of Evidence

Answer 18

1. Systematic review and meta-analysis
2. Clinical trial
3. Longitudinal cohort studies
4. Case-control studies
5. Descriptive and cross-sectional studies
6. Case reports and case series
7. Personal opinion, subjective impressions, anecdotal accounts

Question 19

Impact Factor

Answer 19

Total number of citations to articles appearing in journal / total number of articles published

Question 20

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Answer 20

1. Analysis of multiple research articles

Question 21

Clinical Trial

Answer 21

2. Given population is given an agent to see if it is effective. Placebos are often used.

Question 22

Longitudinal Cohort Studies

Answer 22

3. Groups of individuals defined based on exposure to suspected risk factor. Subjects followed over period of time. Groups should have people that are identical other than the variable being studied

Question 23

Case-control studies

Answer 23

4. Subjects chosen based on outcome and are looked at working backwards to see if certain things helped lead to those outcomes.

Question 24

Descriptive and cross-sectional studies

Answer 24

5. Surveys given to multiple groups. Often saw as a snapshot in time. Less reliable but can help you narrow down a question.

Question 25

Case reports and case series

Answer 25

6. Reports on individual cases

Question 26

Central Limit Theorem

Answer 26

Sample mean will be normally distributed amongst the population.

Question 27

Confidence Interval

Answer 27

Used to say how confident the sample mean represents the population mean.