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Forensic Science > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Article 1

A

Gives legislative powers to Congress of the US consisting of Senate and House of Rep

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2
Q

Article 2

A

Gives executive powers to president of US

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3
Q

Article 3

A

Gives judicial powers to supreme court of US

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4
Q

Amendment I

A 
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of religion
Freedom of press
Right to assemble
Right to petition the gov
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5
Q

Amendment II

A

Right of people to keep and bear arms

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6
Q

Amendment III

A

No soldier shall, in times of peace, be quartered in a house without the owners consent

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7
Q

Amendment IV

A

Protection of persons, papers, houses and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government
No warrant shall be issued but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and describing with particularity the places to be searched and persons or things to be seized

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8
Q

Amendment V

A

Right to DP
Right against double jeopardy
Right against self incrimination
No one shall be held to capital or infamous crimes without presentment or indictment of grand jury
Gov may not seize private property for public use without just compensation

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9
Q

Amendment VI

A 
Right to counsel
Right to speedy and public trial by jury
Right to confront witnesses
Right to have witnesses in your favor
Right to be informed of charges against you
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10
Q

Amendment VII

A

Right to trial by jury in civil case where the value of the controversy exceeds $20

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11
Q

Amendment VIII

A

Right against excessive bail
Right against excessive fines
Right against cruel and unusual punishment

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12
Q

Amendment IX

A

Rights of the people are not limited to those specifically mentioned int he constitution

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13
Q

Amendment X

A

Any right of the people not mentioned in the constitution becomes a matter for the states to decide

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14
Q

Dr. Edmond Locard

A

When a person comes into contact with an object or another person, a cross transfer of physical evidence can occur
Intensity, duration, and nature of the contact determines the extent of the transfer

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15
Q

Types of Evid

A

Direct and circumstantial

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16
Q

Direct Evid

A

Includes first hand accounts such as eyewitness accounts and video of the crime
Evidence that supports the alleged fact

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17
Q

Circumstantial evid

A

Indirect evid that can be used to imply a fact but does not actually prove it

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18
Q

2 types of circumstantial evid

A

Class Evid- narrows the identity to a group of people

Individual Evid- narrows the identity to a specific person

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19
Q

Examples of trace evid

A 
Animal or human hair
Fiber
Chemicals
Bodily fluids
Soil or plant material
Fingerprints
Footprints
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20
Q

7 S’s of CSI

A
  1. SECURING the crime scene
  2. SEPARATING the witnesses
  3. SCANNING the crime scene
  4. SEEING the crime scene
  5. SKETCHING the crime scene
  6. SEARCHING the crime scene for evid
  7. SECURING and collecting evid
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21
Q

Securing the crime scene

A

Duty of 1st responder
Protects and preserves the crime scene; prevents unwanted intrusion
Prevents movement of evid

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22
Q

Separating the witnesses

A

Prevents collusion

Prevents possible contamination of direct evid

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23
Q

Scanning the crime scene

A

Evaluate where pictures should be taken
Determine general borders of primary crime scenes
Evaluate for possible secondary crime scene

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24
Q

Seeing the crime scene

A

Pictures from all angles
Should include triangulation- mathematical method calculating the location of an object from the location of other objects

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25
Q

Sketching the crime scene

A

Should be to scale
Note positions of remains
Note other evid found at scene

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26
Q

Searching the crime scene for evid

A

search method should vary depending on the size of the crime scene
Evid is photographed and labeled
Technologies used: radar; sonar; thermal imaging; black lights; flashlights

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27
Q

Securing and collecting evid

A 
Evid needs to be:
packaged
Sealed
Catalogued 
Chain of custody
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28
Q

Establishing datum points

A

Datum point must be a fixed object (used to map a crime scene)
Subdatum points are firmly placed
Access inside the datum points is heavily restricted

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29
Q

Failure to properly process a crime scene

A

Can lead to complete failure and a murderer going free

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30
Q

History of hair analysis

A 
Technique used since 19th cent
Le poil de l'Homme et de Animaux- the hair of Men and Animals- 1910 study of microscope images of human and animal hair first known reference guide
1934- 1st comparison microscope use
Chemical comparison
DNA evid
31
Q

What was the problem with hair analysis?

A

Microscope hair analysis could not specifically distinguish one individual to the exclusion of all others
Statistical weight could not be given to comparisons to suggest a likelihood that the hair derived from a specific source
Expert witnesses should not cite the number of hair analyses they had conducted in the labs to bolster the idea that thye could definitively state that a hair belonged to a specific individual

32
Q

Objectives of hair analysis

A

Identify parts of hair
Describe variations in structure of medulla, cortex, and cuticle
Distinguish between human and nonhuman hair
Determine if 2 hairs are likely from the same person
Calculate the medullary index for hair
Distinguish hairs from individuals

33
Q

Hair shaft

A

Composed of Keratin which is produced in the skin; part of the hair above the follicle containing mitochondrial DNA

34
Q

Medulla

A

Central core of the hair

35
Q

Cortex

A

Region of hair located outside medulla that contains granules of pigment

36
Q

Cuticles

A

Tough outer covering of a hair that is composed of overlapping scales

37
Q

Hair follicle

A

actively growing base of hair containing DNA and living cells

38
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

genetic material in the mitochondria of cytoplasm of a cell: only inherited from the mother

39
Q

Cortex variations

A

In humans, the cortex is largest part of the hair shaft
Contains most melanin granules (bits of pigment found in the cortex of the hair)
Pigment varies from person to person
Some people have large granules giving their hair a distinct look under the microscope

40
Q

Types of Medulla

A 
Hollow
Absent
Fragmented
Segmental (interrupted)
Solid
None
41
Q

Medullary Index

A

the ratio of the medulla to the diameter of the entire hair

42
Q

Chemical testing

A 
Shows info on:
Water
Food
Toxins
Drugs
Human hair grows at approx 1.3 cm/month
Toxins found at 9 cm contains materials ingested 7 months ago
43
Q

In what ways can we differentiate hair?

A 
Pigment
Chemicals
Medullary Index
Medulla type
Ethnicity
44
Q

What type of evidence is hair?

A

CLASS EVID

45
Q

Fibers are composed of

A

polymers- long repeating molecules

46
Q

What type of evid are fibers?

A

CLASS EVID
Direct transfer- transferred by victim to/from suspect
Secondary Transfer- transferred from original source to the victim and then to the suspect (or suspect to victim)

47
Q

Where can you look to find fibers?

A 
Clothing
Cars
Rugs
Blankets
Screens
Windows
Wounds
48
Q

How do you collect fiber evid?

A 
Tape
Forceps
Vacuum
Lint Roller
Fiber is photographed and removed and individually bagged or boxed- so is the source
Nothing gets packaged together
Notes where each fiber came from
49
Q

Evaluating fiber evid

A

Evaluate for type- what is composition (rare? at crime scene?)
Evaluate for color- match at crime scene? type of dye?
Determine number of fibers found- greater # could indicate greater level of violence
Determine where fiber was found
Textiles from which it originated- multiple transfers? (could suggest violence or prolonged contact)
Note time between crime and collection of fiber

50
Q

Natural fibers

A

Animal fibers used in clothing, carpets, drapes, bedding
Hair- shed pet hair, hair used in textiles (cashmere, angora)
Fur- used almost exclusively in gloves and coats
Webbing- silk

51
Q

Plant fibers

A

Come from seeds, fruits, stems, and leaves
Typically short (2-5 cm)
All share same polymer- cellulose which is easily distinguished from proteins

52
Q

Seed fibers

A

cotton

53
Q

Fruit fibers

A

coir

54
Q

Stem fibers

A

Hemp

55
Q

Leaf fibers

A

Manila

56
Q

Mineral Fibers

A

fiberglass, Asbestos

57
Q

Synthetic Fibers

A

Made from monomers

58
Q

Regenerated Fibers

A

Derived from cellulose
Rayon
Celarese- cellulose combined with acetate

59
Q

Synthetic Polymer Fibers

A

Originate from petroleum based products

60
Q

What to look for with synthetic fibers

A

Unique dyes
Unique monomers
Unique chemical signatures

61
Q

Forensic Botany

A

scientific study of plants or application of plant sciences to criminal investigations.

62
Q

Assemblage

A

Group of plants in an area dominated by one species that share the same habitat requirements

63
Q

Palynology

A

study of pollen and spores

Viewed under microscope the hard outer later of pollen grain or spore has a unique and complex structure

64
Q

Pollen fingerprint

A

and type of pollen in particular area

65
Q

Post-Mortem Interval (PMI)

A

Time elapsed between persons death and discovery of the body

66
Q

Natalie Mirabel

A

Husband’s vehicle undercarriage had pollen from plants that only grow at high elevations- where Natalie’s body was found

67
Q

Samantha Forbes

A

Single blade of Almond Bermuda grass found on suspect’s socks (Not native to where she was) tied back to golf course where the body was found

68
Q

Tibia on an oak seedling

A

Missing person- then found part of a body (missing a tibia)- search found a tibia on an oak seedling- found a timeline due to decomposition of the leaf that matched with the missing person’s disappearance

69
Q

Pond Attacks

A

2 boys tied up and beaten and thrown into pond- 1 escaped and rescued other- cops took their clothes for evidence- found algae on shoe of suspect that matched algae on clothes of boys

70
Q

Settling

A

body buried for a while, turned up soil (to make the gravesite) eventually sinks in more than the surrounding undisturbed dirt

71
Q

Finding Gravesites

A

Look for settling
New assemblage
Unique plants (soil is different with fertilizer and whatever was on the body)

72
Q

What to note with forensic botany

A

Description of biological materials at crime scene
Habitat Assessment
Dominant plants in and around crime scene
Grass variations
Plants that seem unusual for the area
Plants covering aspects of the crime scene (body, vehicle, objects)
Plants under aspects of the crime scene

73
Q

Pollenation Methods

A

Wind

Even better: animals and insects

74
Q

Collection of pollens

A

Extreme care
Sealed
Pressed

Forensic Science (3 decks)

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