Test 1 Flashcards
The capacity to perform substrate phosphorylation, the primary method used to make ATP in ____ muscles, is increased by the presence of large stores of _____ in these cells.
Fast twitch skeletal; creatine phosphate
Glucose enters intestinal epithelial cells by _____ and exits those same cells by ______.
Secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
Proteins are polymers of _______.
Amino Acids
Catabolic reactions are the predominant form of metabolism ________; and include reactions such as _____.
After several hours of fasting; proteolysis
Which of the following is a function of plasma membrane proteins?
- Act as transport molecules for various solutes
- Bind to ligands
- Regulate the passage of ions
- None of the above
- All of the above
All of the above
This “compartment” holds the largest proportion of the total amount of water in the body.
Intracellular fluid
Oxygen traveling in the blood must first pass through _____ before entering a cell.
Interstitial fluid
Regarding gene expression, the process of transcription produces ______, and occurs in the ______ of cells.
mRNA; nucleus
The physiological effects of this signal depend on the presence of glucocorticoid receptors.
- Oxytocin
- Testosterone
- Insulin
- Epinephrine
- Cortisol
Cortisol
A target cell’s response to a hormone is the immediate opening of an ion channel. Choose the hormone most likely to evoke this response.
- Acetylcholine
- Cortisol
- Estradiol
- Testosterone
- Progesterone
Acetylcholine
A paracrine signal is one that
Passes through some interstitial fluid before reaching its receptor
Regulation of blood vessel diameter by epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors is an example of ____ control involving ____ signal-receptor combination(s).
tonic; only one
Steroid hormones initiate responses in target-cells by activating:
Gene transcription
Choose the pair that is the correct match of hormone and source
- Cortisol - Anterior pituitary
- Corticotropin releasing hormone - Adrenal medulla
- Antidiuretic hormone - Posterior pituitary
- Oxytocin - Parasympathetic neurons
- Epinephrine - Anterior pituitary
Antidiuretic & posterior pituitary
Beta blockers are drugs that are antagonists of beta adrenergic receptors. Patients that are give beta blockers would experience:
- No effect on heart rate
- An increase in heart rate
- A reduction in heart rate
A reduction in heart rate
_____ is released in direct response to _______.
- Insulin; stress
- Oxytocin; decreased blood pressure
- Glucagon; increased plasma osmolarity
- ACTH; increased CRH
- Antidiuretic hormone; increased blood pressure
ACTH; increased CRH
Patients that are treated with Prednisone (an artificial form of cortisol), to control inflammation or reduce other immune functions, experience lower levels of endogenous (made by their own glands) CRH and ACTH. This is called _____ effect.
- A positive feedback
- An agonistic
- An antagonistic
- A negative feedback
- A paracrine
A negative feedback
An all or none sequence of depolarization and repolarization
Is an action potential and occurs along axons
Which of the following statements about the voltage-gated-Na+-channels is correct?
- They open very slowly but close very quickly
- Their opening is responsible for the repolarization phase of the action potential
- Their closure is responsible for the graded depolarization phase of the action potential
- For each K+ that moves into the cytosol through it, one Na+ also moves into the cell
- They rapidly allow Na+ into the cell, causing the depolarization phase of the action potential
They rapidly allow Na+ into the cell, causing the depolarization phase of the action potential
Delivery of a drug that increases permeability of neuronal membranes to potassium would cause the neurons to:
- Hyperpolarize
- Depolarize
- Stay at -70mV
- Become more positive
Hyperpolarize
The release of neurotransmitter molecules from an axon terminal is cause most directly by:
Calcium ions entering the cytosol
Neurotransmitters are released by the membrane of axon terminals by the process of _______, and the neurotransmitters act as _______ signals when they bind with receptors on the next neuron in the pathway.
Exocytosis; paracrine
Substrate phosphorylation occurs in the ____, and the ability to make ATP this way is greatly enhanced by the presence of _____ in cells.
Cytosol; creatine phosphate
The ____ structure of proteins is held together by _____ bonds. Formation of the tertiary structure and other modifications occur in the _______.
Primary; Covalent; Golgi apparatus
The steroid hormone receptor complex activates _____ which results in _____. This occurs in the nucleus followed by ______ in the cytosol.
Transcription; mRNA; Translation
To bind with its receptor _____ insulin must first pass through _____ after it leaves the blood.
On the plasma membrane; interstitial fluid
Adjacent cells in capillaries that are part of the “blood-brain barrier” are connected to each other by ____ to protect the brain from _______.
Tight junctions; blood-borne pathogens
In the ____ state, ____ is converted to glycogen by the process of _______.
Fed; glucose; glycogenesis
In a fasted state (starving) individual ______, occurring in the _____ would likely be occurring.
Gluconeogensis; liver
Interstitial fluid contains much more _____, but much less ____ compared to the cytosol of a cell.
Sodium; protein
Propranolol is a beta blocker, meaning it is an antagonist of beta adrenergic receptors. This drug would most likely cause
A decrease in heart rate
Which of the following hormones is paired correctly with the gland that secreted it?
- ADH; posterior pituitary
- ACTH; posterior pituitary
- CRH; adrenal cortex
- Cortisol; anterior pituitary
ADH; posterior pituitary
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals by _____ and act as ____ signals when they diffuse across he synapse.
exocytosis; paracrine
Choose the hormone category most likely to increase cAMP production in its target cells
- Proteins
- Steroids
- Thyroid hormones
- Activated vitamin D
Proteins
_____ is a widely used inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity
Caffeine.
Slow twitch muscles store myoglobin in order to make ATP by ______ when ____ is in short supply.
- Glycolysis; NADH
- Anaerobic glycolysis; creatine kinase
- Substrate phosphorylation; glucose
- Oxidative phosphorylation; oxygen
D
Transporters are considered to be saturated when:
- Solutes are so scarce that virtually none pass through the transporter
- The transport protein is moving solutes in or out of the cell at the maximum possible rate
- The cell inserts excess numbers of transporters not the membrane
- The transmembrane proteins become denatured
B
Glucose in a working muscle cell is always at a ____ concentration on the inside compared to the outside because _______
- higher; glucose is converted to glycogen
- lower; gluconeogenesis occurs
- lower; glucose is broken down during glycolysis
- higher; glycogen inside the cells is catabolized to form glucose
C
To bind with its receptor ______, cortisol must first pass through _____ after it leaves the good
- in the nucleus; lymphatic fluid
- on the plasma membrane; cytosol
- on the plasma membrane; plasma
- in the nucleus; interstitial fluid
D
Regarding gene expression, the process of translation produces _____ and occurs in the ____ of cell.
- tRNA; nucleus
- mRNA; nucleus
- mRNA; cytosol
- peptides; cytosol
D
Regarding gene expression, the process of transcription produces _____ and occurs in the ____ of cell.
- tRNA; nucleus
- mRNA; nucleus
- mRNA; cytosol
- peptides; cytosol
mRNA; nucleus
Which of these processes does NOT require binding of a ligand to a protein
- substrate phosphorylation
- exit of carbo dioxide from cells
- secondary active transport of glucose
- activation of alpha adrenergic receptors
B
In a well fed individual, _____ occurring in the _____ would likely be occurring
- Lipolysis; RER
- Gluconeogenesis; liver
- Glycogenesis; liver
- Proteolysis; nucleus
C
Intracellular fluid contains much more ______, but much less ____ compared to interstitial fluid
- Sodium, potassium
- Sodium; protein
- Calcium; protein
- Protein; sodium
D
Choose the correctly paired hormone and source gland
- CRH; posterior pituitary
- ACTH; adrenal cortex
- ADH; posterior pituitary
- Oxytocin; adrenal cortex
C
Brovana is an agonist of beta 2 adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine normally causes relaxation of the smooth muscle of the airways, making them wider; brovana would most likely cause:
- Constriction of the airways making it harder to breathe
- no change in the state of contraction of the airway
- dilation of the airways, making it easier to breathe
- a change in gene expression resulting in less mucous production
C
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals by ____ and act as ____ signals when they diffuse across the synapse to bind with their receptor proteins:
- exocytosis; endocrine
- endocytosis; endocrine
- exocytosis; paracine
- endocytosis; paracrine
C
A target cell’s response to a hormone is the activation of a G coupled protein. Choose the hormone that would most likely cause this response:
- testosterone
- EPI
- estradiol
- cortisol
EPI (only non’roid)
Delivery of a drug that increases permeability of a neuronal membrane to sodium would cause the neurons to:
- stay at -70 mV
- hyperpolarize
- depolarize
- become more negativw
C
Tetrodotoxin blocks V-G-Na+ channels so it would likely cause
- neurons to depolarize more rapidly
- failure to generate action potentials
- the elimination of the refractory period
- the failure to generate graded potentials
B
Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells, but the cells have opposite responses to these hormones, implying that:
- each of the two hormones activates the same second messenger
- one hormone binds to a receptor on the membrane and the other binds to a nuclear receptor
- both hormones interact with receptors on the cell nucleus
- the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors
D
Which pattern of hormone secretion would be found in a patient with a tumor in the adrenal cortex, assuming the tumor over produces its product?
- High CRH, ACTH, and cortisol
- High ACTH and cortisol, but low levels of CRH
- High CRH, but low levels of ACTH and cortisol
- High cortisol, but low levels of CRH and ACTH
D
