test 1 Flashcards
Anticholinergic effects
dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, photophobia, constipation, tachycardia
akathisia
uncontrollable need to move
parkinsonism
prob controlling movements, stiffness, partial paralysis
agranulocytosis
severe deficit or lack of granulocytic WBCs (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
hyperthermia, sweating, catatonia, rigidity, stupor, unstable BP, dyspnea and incontinence. treat with bromocriptine and dantrolene
tardive dyskinesia
inable to perform voluntary movement
extrapyramidal side effects
parkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, restlessness, agitation, seizures, dysrhythmias
side effect of atypical antipsychotic
weight gain, anticholinergic effects, sedation and cardiac effects. low incidence of EPSEs.
Akathisia
abnormal sensations- common assessment finding in dementia
anomia
loss of person or object names -dementia assessment
aphasia/ paraphasia
language impairment- production, comprehension or both- dementia assessment
Ataxis/ataxia
poor muscle control or movement- dementia assessment
Carphologia/floccillation
involuntary “picking” at bedding or clothing- dementia assessment
Constructional difficulty
Difficulty in block assembly, drawing or copying 3 dimensional figures- dementia assessment
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing- dementia assessment
Echolalia
involuntary repetition of words or sentences just spoken by another- dementia assessment
Anterograde amnesia
loss ability to learn and recall new info- dementia assessment
retrograde amnesia
impaired ability to retrieve info from the past- dementia assessment
Stage 1 alzheimers
2-4 years, forgetful, restless, some disorientation but otherwise healthy and alert. utilize memories aids such as lists, alarm clocks, and calendars.
stage 2 alzheimers (moderate)
2-12 yrs, more apparent memory probs, less spontaneous, confusion increases, changes in personality, coordination, visual-spatial perceptions, sundowning
stage 3 alzheimers (severe)
increased dependence, loss of bowel and bladder control, communication and cognition, 24 hour care/ institutionalization
negative delirium states
underreported- common in ICU. still, disengaged, nonverbal.
Piagets sensori motor period
stage 1. coordination of sensory input and motor responses. development of object permanence
piagets preoperational period
stage 2. Dev of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, contraption and egocentrism
piagets concrete operational period
mental operations applied to concrete events, mastery of conservatism, hierachical classifications
piagets formal operations period
stage 4. Mental operations applied to abstract ideas, logical systematic thinking
cognition assessments
CAM_ICU if pt is unable to speak, physical exam, diagnostic tests (blood analysis, drug screen, MRI, PET, CT) Mini mental exam
attention and immediate recall
2 numbers slowly stated and pt to repeat them and then backwards, repeat up to 6 numbers. new numbers (same amt) when error made- stop test after 2 errors on the same number of digits
attention and concentration
pt counts backwards from a hundred by subtracting 7 each time- if can’t try subtracting by 3
short term memory
pt asked to repeat and remember 3 items and asked to repeat after 5 minutes of talking about something else- if can’t then can show pictures with objects in some of them and pt can chose
long term memory Q
q about something pt has known for more than 24 hrs- example birthday or spouses name
judgement
answer a hypothetical question: what do you do when a police car pulls up behind you with lights on
cholinergic drugs
affect cognition (alzheimers and dementia) increase levels of acetylcholine in the brain- donepezil, rivastigmnine, galantamine
CNS stimulants
affect cognition- stimulate the excitatory neurons in the brain (dopamine/ norepinephrine). amphetamines, sympathomimetics, xanthines
CNS depressants
a sedative or hypnotic that slows the transmission of nerve impulses. Benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam) or misc. hypnotics (eszopiclone/ luniest)
