Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Church History > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

• Scholasticism =

A
  • an attempt to rationalize theology in order to strengthen faith by reason.
    – Religion would be defined by academics & philosophy rather than from a Biblical point of view
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Changes caused by scholasticism

A

– Cathedral School established which allowed more scholarship
– Systematic theology was split apart from Biblical Study
• Theology went up – Bible study went down
– Commentaries replaced the study of the Word
– Universities sprouted up all Over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

• Mysticism =

A

–A response to Scholasticism. Urged direct contact with God in worship instead of passively participating in the coldly formal acts of worship performed by clergymen and scholars.
– Intuition
– Contemplation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Changes caused by mysticism

A

• Inward disciplines (Prayer, Scripture Reading, Meditation, Fasting, Study)
– Outward disciplines (Simplicity, Solitude, Submission, Service)
– Corporate disciplines (Worship, Confession, Guidance, celebration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Crusades =

A

a series of wars fought between the Christians and the Muslims over Jerusalem (the Holy Land).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Effects of the crusades =

A
  • Weakened the Pope and nobles – strengthened monarchs
  • Trade stimulated throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East
  • Legacy of bitterness left among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
  • Weakened the Byzantine Empire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Responses to Religious Wars:

A

• Passivism – Anabaptist
• Holy War – Calvinist
• Just War – Lutheran
o In 16th Century Denominations made political stands against War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The impact of the crusades:

A
  • Commerce and Travel in the Mediterranean (Genoa + Venice flourished)
  • Connected Western Catholicism, feudalism, and militarism
  • Consolidated papal leadership of the Latin Church
  • Trade with the local populations while travelling
  • Heroism, chivalry, and piety
  • Medieval romance, philosophy, and literature.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Feudalism is:

A

Political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Feudalism hierarchy =

A

King > Nobles > Knights > Peasants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why did Feudalism start?

A

Kings and Nobles needed ways of protecting land from invasions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chivalry is

A

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Manorial system is

A

An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors (Included a village and the land surrounding it). Manors were self-sufficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Serfs (restrictions and “allowances”)

A
  • Not allowed to leave the manor or marry without the lord’s permission
  • Allowed to farm on the manor in return for work
  • Lords protected serfs
  • The life of a serf was harsh
  • Worked long hours, few lived past 35 years old
  • Based on heredity (You were a serf if you parents were) (Caste system)
  • Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest
  • Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income
  • Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds
  • Raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family
  • Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years
  • Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Freemen

A
  • skilled workers who paid rent to nobles and could leave the manor
  • Ex. Blacksmith and millers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chivalry code of ethics

A

code of ethics followed by Knights. Honesty, Fairness in battle, Loyalty, Proper treatment of women.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Development of a Knight:

A

Page (7-4yrs-taught war)
Squire (knights attendant)
Knighted (20yrold)
Knight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Responses to persecution:

•

A

Fold
Die
Fake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Affect of persecution:

A

The Blood of the Martyr is the seed of the church

Can the church readmit people who denied Christ?
Cyprian of Carthage developed penance system.
Novation school said they couldn’t be readmitted (school of saints)
Saint Cornelius said reinstated with Penance (made policy when he becomes bishop of Rome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three Martyrs

A

Ignatius of Antioch (AD 117)
Polycarp of Smyrna (AD 155)
Perpetua & Felicitas (AD 202)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

• Ignatius of Antioch (AD 117)

A
  • Third bishop of Antioch (after Peter and Euodius)
  • called himself Theophorus (most likely a disciple of both Apostles Peter and John)
  • Rome wanted to make example of him and discourage Christianity.
  • Encouraged Christians. Met with and wrote letters to them on his way to arena in Rome.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

• Polycarp of Smyrna (AD 155)

A
  • Pupil of the apostle John
  • Proper handling of financial dishonesty
  • Bishop of the church at Smyrna
  • Early combatant of Christian heresies
  • Arrested for being a Christian – “politically dangerous cult” whose rapid growth needed to be stopped.
  • Amidst an angry mob, the Roman proconsul took pity on such a gentle old man and urged Polycarp to proclaim, “Caesar is Lord” and offer incense to Caesar’s statue.
  • Responded, “Eighty-six years I have served Christ, and He never did me any wrong. How can I blaspheme my King who saved me?”
  • Went down singing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

• Perpetua & Felicitas (AD 202)

A
  • Perpetua was a Christian noblewoman who lived with her husband, her son, and her slave, Felicitas, in Carthage (in modern Tunis).
  • Lived in North Africa (center of a vibrant Christian community).
  • Emperor Septimius Severus wanted to cripple Christianity (it undermined Roman patriotism).
  • Perpetua (along with five new Christians taking classes to prepare for baptism) arrested.
  • They were dressed in belted tunics.
  • Crowd excited.
  • Wild heifer charged the group. Perpetua was tossed into the air and onto her back. She sat up, adjusted her ripped tunic, and walked over to help Felicitas.
  • Leopard attacked them – their tunics were stained with blood.
  • Crowd was impatient -> slain by the sword.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 Schools of thought about apostates

A

Novation (school)

Cornelius (saint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

School of Novation:

A

School of saints. Can’t be reinstated because they squandered the blood. Only God could forgive and the church had no say in the matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

School of Cornelius

A

School of sinners! Reinstated with penance. (Decision made when Cornelius elected the bishop of Rome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

First Christian Emperor

A

Constantine!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe Constantine

A
  • Christian
  • wins the battle at Milvian Bridge and becomes co emperor with Licinius
  • Legalizes Christianity (Persuades Licinius to sign a decree)
  • Hears cases about internal church strife and calls Synods to deal with them
  • Defeats Licinius; becomes ruler of all of Rome
  • Unifies empire W/ Christianity
  • Counsels to unify the church AND to stabilize the empire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Heresies:

A

Arianism and Nestorianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Arianism:

A
  • Only God is eternal
  • Son is creature (not One with Father)
  • Begotten = there was “when the son was not” (doesn’t use “time”
  • Logic of Monotheism
  • Athanasius combated with “logic of salvation”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nestorianism:

A
  • Apollinarius and Theodore
  • One nature vs two
  • Jesus was two separate persons taking up one physical space
  • St Cyril combated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What creed combated Arianism

A

Nicene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Who combated Arianism?

A

Athanasius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What came out of the creeds?

A

Canonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What council combated Nestorianism?

A

Chalcedon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who combated Nestorianism?

A

St Cyril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do the councils reconcile Jesus being God and Man

A

Nicea dealt with Jesus’ divinity.
Chalcedon dealt with Jesus’ humanity.
Chalcedon determined that Jesus is one person existing in 2 natures (hypostatic union). He was ALWAYS fully God and fully man.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How did councils reconcile God 3 in 1

A

Constantinople –
Basil the Great said “one substance, three persons” (spirit came FROM father, THROUGH son)
Augustine said spirit comes from both Father and Son.
Simpson says: “It doesn’t matter!”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Major tenants of Islam

A 
Qur’an
God 
Universe
Jesus
5 Pilliars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Founder of Islam

A

Muhammed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Qur’an =

A

Made because Jewish and Christian texts were corrupt
Deeds over Ideas
Doctrine of Abrogation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the doctrine of Abrogation?

A

Can’t become something else then come back to Islam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does Islam believe about God?

A

Monothestic

Allah

44
Q

Greatest sin for Islam?

A

Shirk = (assigning partners to God [Jesus])

45
Q

What does Islam believe about the universe?

A

Not perfect, but good
Created by God
Respect it
Be thankful for it

46
Q

What does Islam believe about Jesus?

A 
Son of virgin Mary
Prophet, not Son
Not crucified
He will return for 40 years to marry, have kids and die
He will be judged
47
Q

What does Isalm belive about people?

A
  • No Adamic fall
  • People are born innocent
  • not inherently sinful, (just weak and forgetful)
  • people can make up for their sinful deeds with good deeds (except shirk)
48
Q

What is shirk?

A

Assigning partners to God (Jesus)

49
Q

Structure of early church

A

Beginning: no structure. meet and pray

Made hierarchy

50
Q

Hierarchy of Early Church

A

• Bishops (Episkopoi)
o Guide worship and help the poor
o By 112AD Believers were urged to “follow the bishops as Christ followed the father”
• Deacons (Diakonoi)
o Respect the deacons as you respect the commandments (St.Ignatious)
• Presiding Officers (Hegoumenot)
• And Elders (Presbyteroi)
o “Follow the Presbyters as the as it they were the apostles”
o Eventually the Presbyters would become what we know as priests today.

51
Q

What did the early church change?

A
  • It codified the cannon (provided rule or norm for Scripture)
  • It created the creeds (statements of belief)
  • It began the episcopacy
52
Q

What is a creed?

A

short statements of belief summarizing Christian teaching and introducing people to faith

53
Q

Episcopacy =

A

came about because the apostles were dead and the church needed leadership and decision makers. They were to 1) guide worship (restrict heresies being preached), and 2) help the poor.

54
Q

Canon =

A

rod/ruler.
Word first used by Athanasius AD367. The agreed upon Bible we have today.
Unified the Christian church in theology.
Showed connections with Judaism and decisively broke away from it.

55
Q

What are the 2 types of creeds?

A

Conciliar and Baptismal

56
Q
  1. Conciliar Creeds =
A

the great creeds of the church, formed by councils. Came later in history.
E.g. Nicene Creed

57
Q
  1. Baptismal Creeds =
A

created to organize teachings for newcomers; used to tell the difference between Christian and heretic beliefs; to stand in for teaching of the apostles; prepare for baptism
E.g. Old Roman Creed; Apostles Creed

58
Q

How did early members of the church see themselves?

A

Considered themselves “good Jews” -> weren’t trying to start a new religion.
World around them had existing religious structure/culture
Jews were broken into groups (Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes)
Hellenistic – Thought, Reason, OT had been translated into Greek

59
Q

tasks of the early church.

A
  1. John died and they needed to know their identity
  2. Differentiate itself from Judaism
  3. Have its own hymns
  4. Formalize a belief set
60
Q

war between Rome and the Jews (significant detail here).

A

Tip: Don’t go to war with Rome

AD66 Jews were irritated with Rome (it had monopolized wealth; Greeks ruled commerce)
Revolt began in Caesurae (Romans slaughtered Jews who attacked)
Jews destroy Garrison in Jerusalem
Jews stop homage to roman emperor
Rome declares war
Rome sends General Vespian to Palestine to stop revolt.
Vespian takes back all port cities and moves inland.
Vespian becomes Caesar (Nero died)
Titus (his son) becomes General.
7 years of bloody war – Rome attacks Jews and Christians because they saw them as atheists (didn’t worship Roman gods and Caesar)
70AD Jerusalem under siege
Rome destroyed temple to eradicate Jewish and Christian faith
Dispersion (Jerusalem never again center of Christian worship)
This made Christianity universal; now they could be less Jewish

61
Q

what aided in Christianity’s expansion?

A
  • Pax-romana (Roman Peace) established by Caesar Augustus. This made travel around the empire safe.
  • Roman roads were a wonder of the day and made travel throughout the empire easy
  • Hellenistic culture made Greek the language of the empire and it was understood everywhere.
62
Q

What is Pax-Romana

A

Roman Peace - made travel safe

63
Q

What made travel safe?

A

Pax-Romana

64
Q

Rome’s attitude toward Christians and how that played out.

A

Persecute Christians (perpetually with incredibly violent flare-ups under certain emperors: Nero, Domitian, Marcus, Valerin, Desius, Diocletian)

• Nero
o Blaming Christians for burning Rome

• Desius – early 3rd Century
o Edict – Need government certificate to worship
o Banned Meetings
o Condemned Clergy

• Diocletian – late 3rd early 4th Century
o Destroyed Churches
o Scriptures Burned
o Civil Liberties Taken

65
Q

What did Nero do?

A

Blamed Christians for burning Rome

66
Q

What did Desius do?

A

Required govt. certificate for worship
Banned meetings
condemned clergy

67
Q

What did Diocletian do?

A

Destroyed churches
Burned Scriptures
Civil Liberties taken

68
Q

Emperors who persecuted the church

A

Nero, Desius, Diocletian

69
Q

How did evil emperors harass Christians?

A

Blamed them for problems to divert attention

Called Christian cannibals, incest, atheism, heretics

70
Q

How did the church adapt to the changing world?

A

codified the cannon
created the creeds
began the episcopacy

71
Q

Three paths of discipleship in Dark Ages

A

Asceticism
Martyrdom (death for beliefs…faithful to death)
Monasticism

72
Q

two types of Monasticism

A

Ascetics and Cenobitic

73
Q

Where did monasticism start?

A

Desert of Egypt

74
Q

How did monasticism spread?

A

Athanasius was exiled to the west and taught people

75
Q

What did Monks contribute?

A 
•	Manuscripts copied
•	Centers for learning
•	Spiritual renewal in dark ages
•	Missionary impetus
o	Gregory I – sent missionaries to England
o	Patrick – Ireland
o	Columba – Scotland
o	Boniface - Germany
•	Europe is converted because of the monks
76
Q

Rule of Benedict =

A 
o	Started as Christian in Rome (West) and found the morality of the Christians in the city so bad that he became a monk
o	Established 12 monasteries
o	Greatest of all Monastic Rules
	Prayer 
	Work
77
Q

Why did Asceticism start?

A
  • Church grew morally and spiritually lax causing extremely devout Christians to flee the “church”
  • Went to desert: to live a hard life so that they were ready for any temptation or persecution
78
Q

How did Asceticism monks live?

A

o Little clothes, mat to sleep on

o Weave baskets or mats to tread for bread, grain, or oil.

79
Q

Name a monk of asceticism:

A

St. Anthony
o First of the desert fathers
o Learned from elderly hermits when he was a young man
o Appeared before the emperor to decry the Arian heresy

80
Q

Why did Cenobitic (communal) Monks start?

A

saw flaw with Anchorite (Ascetics): weren’t able to share insights from God (brotherly love)

81
Q

What did the Cennobites do?

A

• Formed communities of monks (separate from the world rather than from all others)

82
Q

Who structured Cennobitic monks?

A

• Pachomius:
 Abbots, Monastery superior, deputy monastery superior, quarters superior, monk (structure was given to ensure high standards and consistent thought)
o Created 10 monasteries including:
 a church, a storehouse, the refectory, meeting hall and living quarters

83
Q

What do Cenobitic monks do?

A
  • Pray at all times
  • Lived in poverty (but not grinding poverty)
  • Ate adequately (no meat)
  • Help to neighboring communities
84
Q

Differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

A

Roman: Latin / Eastern: Greek or local

R: Pope is over the bishops /E:Bishops lead church as group

R: Pope over kings and emperors / E: Emperor over church

R: Priests can’t marry / E: can marry

R: Divorce No! / E: Divorce yes.

85
Q

Similarities between Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox

A

Faith based in Gospel and Bible
Sacraments
Bishops are leaders
Evangelism

86
Q

What caused Schism?

A

Mutual excommunications by the Pope and the Patriarch

East: opposition strengthened theology, not person
• Greek Philosophy
• Resented the Roman enforcement of clerical celibacy, the limitation of the right of confirmation to the bishop, and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist

West: no opposition, strengthened Pope
• Pope claim to preeminence (better, make rules) = Bishop of Bishops – resulted in separation
• Roman Law

87
Q

Jews in early church period

A
  • religion broken into groups
  • Pharisees concerned with keeping religious laws. Most liked. Some seats in Sanhedrin. Closest to getting theology right
  • Sadducees, wealthy class, concerned with politics. Performed religious duties in temple. Most seats in Sanhedrin. Least liked. Pro-Roman.
  • Essenes
  • Zealots

Hellenism

Thought they were good Jews

88
Q

Charlemagne:

A 
Emperor
Solidified Christendom
Made a new Roman Empire in the North (Holy Roman Empire)
Lord over more of Europe since 4th C.
Solidified connection with Pope
Zealous Defender of Christianity
Gave money and land to church
Protected pope
89
Q

First admin of early church

A

James, brother of Jesus

90
Q

Who developed the system of penance?

A

Cyprian of Carthage

91
Q

Why was the system of penance developed?

A

Forgive the sins of the apostates (those who denied Christ under stress)

92
Q

Constantine’s symbol =

A

cross of light in the heavens above the sun with an inscription “conquer by this” inscribed on it = Labarum = first two letters in Christ’s name in Greek intertwined

93
Q

Fountain head of Calvinism:

A

St. Augustine

94
Q

St. Augustine:

A

Rome is not city of God; city of God is fellowship with God

95
Q

Monk =

A

separation

96
Q

Greatest enemy of the church:

A

ease

97
Q

Fiefs:

A

land given to vassals

98
Q

Why did the crusades start?

A

Pope Urban said the Muslims are keeping Christians from visiting Holy Sights

99
Q

How did they get people to participe in crusades?

A

satisfied feudal obligations and provided opportunities for economic and political gain

100
Q

What did Christians do in the crusades?

A

attacked and pillaged Constantinople, rendering the reunification of Christendom impossible during 4th crusade

101
Q

What was diferent about 6th crusade?

A

no forgiveness from the Church

102
Q

When was excommunication nullified?

A

Excommunication was nullified in 1965 (900 years later)

103
Q

Who started scholasticism?

A

Charlemagne

104
Q

Who is Thomas Aquinas?

A

King of Scholastics (wrote Summa Theologica)

105
Q

First catastrophe of the early church?

A

Fall of Jerusalem and temple in 70AD

106
Q

How did the catadtrophe influence the church?

A

Dispersion, spread of Christianity.

Cut ties with Jews.

107
Q

What is Simpson’s name for Sunny?

A

Sweetie Bunch

Church History (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions