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Plant Breeding > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Breeding-

A

Plant breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of human kind.

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2
Q

What does GMO stand for?

A

Genetically Modified organism

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3
Q

Why breed plants?(4)

A

Improve yield
improve quality
improve pest resistance
increase tolerance of environmental conditions

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4
Q

Who is Gregor Mendal and why is he important in plant breeding?

A

he birthed the science of genetics

and established the Laws of Inheritance.

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5
Q

Who is Norman Borlaug and why did he win the nobel peace prize?

A

The father of the green revolution.

His work with plant breeding working with wheat helped feed millions of people around the world.

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6
Q

Shuttle Breeding-

A

Breeding plants with other types across long distances.

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7
Q

What country did norman borlaug do most of his research? what crop?

A

Mexico

Wheat

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8
Q

Sexual Reproduction-

Asexual Reproduction-

A
  1. Formation of offspring through fusion of male and female gametes(sperm and egg).
  2. Plant offspring arising from existing plants without the union of maetes.
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9
Q

Stamen-

A

Male reproductive organs. Filament + Anther.

Microsporangia

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10
Q

Androecium-

A

collective term for all Stamens

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11
Q

Pistil-

A

Female reproductive organisms. Ovary+ style

Megasporangia. Carpels

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12
Q

Gynoecium-

A

Collective term for pistils

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13
Q

Complete flowers-

A

Includes all major parts, Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. if missing any of these it becomes incomplete.

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14
Q

Perfect flowers-

A

Flowers have stamens and Pistil.

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15
Q

Imperfect flower-

A

Lacking the Stamen or pistil, can be monoecious or dioecious.

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16
Q

Staminate-

A

Male reproductive parts only on one plant.

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17
Q

Pistilate

A

Female reproductive parts on one plant.

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18
Q

Pollination-

A

pollen shed by anthers
lands on stigma
pollen grain germinates
Sperm Nuclei travels down the pollen tube and enter the ovule through the micropyle.

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19
Q

What is double fertilization-

A

When the sperm nuclei combine with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm,

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20
Q

Gamete-

A

a reproductive cell containing a haploid(single) set of chromosomes.

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21
Q

What are the types of vegetative reproduction

A

propogation
tissue culture
clone

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22
Q

Tissue Culture-

A

growing cells, tissues, or tissue fragments on a nutrient medium

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23
Q

Totipotency-

A

ability of undifferentiated plant cells to develop into a mature plant when cultivated in vitro.

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24
Q

clone-

A

group of plants originating by vegetative propagation from a single plant, genetically identical.

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25
Q

Apomixis

A

reproduction in which seeds are formed without the union of gametes.

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26
Q

vivipary-

A

formation of plantlets or bulbils from flower primordia in place of flowers.

27
Q

Adventitious embryony-

A

direct formation of embryo from nucellar cell, fusion of haploid nuclei in the ovule.

28
Q

Diplospory-

A

unreduced embryo sacs arise from megaspore mother cell.

29
Q

Apospory-

A

unreduced embryo sacs arise from nucellar tissue

30
Q

Difference between facultative and obligate apomixis

A

in obligate apomixis all offspring are idential clones of maternal parent

31
Q

How can apomixis be used plant breeding and what are two plants that use it?

A

can be used to fix heterosis.

corn and wheat.

32
Q

Self pollination-

A

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma within the same plant, or clone.

33
Q

Self fertilization-

A

autogamy- fertilization resulting from the union of gametes produced on the same plant.

34
Q

Autogamy-

A

self fertilization

35
Q

What floral mechanisms can be used to avoid cross fertilization?(4)

A

flowers may not open
pollen can shed before flowers open
stigma and stamen can be hidden by other parts
stigma elongates shortly after anthers open

36
Q

5 crops that are normally self-pollinated:

what precent of cross-pollination occurs?

A

Barley, tomato, wheat, pea,

0-5%

37
Q

What is an Anthesis-

A

process of dehiscence (splitting open)

38
Q

What four factors affect the amount of natural selfing or crossing within a species?

A

Cultivar or strain
Environment (temperature, humidity, and precipitation)
Velocity or direction of wind at pollination
Insect populations

39
Q

Cross Pollination-

A

transfer of pollen from an anther on one plant to a stigma on another plant;plants are genetically different

40
Q

Cross Fertilization-

A

union of gametes (sperm and egg) produced on different plants.

41
Q

What floral mechanisms exclude self-pollination or self-fertilization?

A

mechanical obstruction
different periods of maturity for pollen and stigma
self-sterility or self-incompatibility
monoecious or dioecious flowers

42
Q

5 crops that are normally cross-pollinated?

A

cabbage, carrot, clovers, corn, rye.

43
Q

how are cotton and sorgum treated in breeding programs?

A

they are treated as self-pollinated

44
Q

• Why is type of pollination important in plant breeding?

A

it varies depending on the pollination/type of crop

45
Q

3 phases of interphase?

A

G1(protein synthesis), S(DNA is copyied) ,G2 phase(cell preps for mitosis)

46
Q

4 Stages of Mitosis-

A

Prophase , Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

47
Q

Cytokinesis-

A

the physical process of cell division

48
Q

Why is meiosis called a reduction division?

A

the diploid chromosome number is ruduced to haploid and genetic segregation occurs.

49
Q

What is another name for meiosis 1?

What is another name for meiosis 2

A

reductional division

equational division.

50
Q

Where does meiosis take place?

A

the flower buds- anther, ovary

51
Q

gene-

A

basic unit of heredity

52
Q

locus-

A

the position of a gene on a chromosome

53
Q

allele-

A

an alternative gene on corresponding loci

54
Q

What is a chromosome composed of?

A

DNA

55
Q

Synapsis-

A

homologous chromosomes pair up

56
Q

crossing over-

A

an interchange of segments during meiosis of two chromatids

57
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

ribose sugar-phospate backbone

58
Q

RNA

A

ribonecluic acid

59
Q

funcion of DNA and RNA-

A

DNA- acts as template; stores genetic code

RNA- genetic code carrier during protein synthesis

60
Q

Ploidy –

A

– a measure of the number of chromosomes or sets of chromosomes in a cell or in an orgasm

61
Q

genome-

A

the basic set of chromosomes of a species; one of each kind

62
Q

• How are autopolyploids used in plant breeding?

A

naturally occurs in potato

63
Q

• How are allopolyploids used in plant breeding?

A

occur in cotton,wheat, tall fesue

Plant Breeding (3 decks)

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