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Plant Breeding > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Plant breeding

A

The art and science of increasing a plants heredity to benefit human kind

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2
Q

3 self pollinating

A

tomatoes, wheat , peas.

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3
Q

Mitosis

A 
Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
2 identical daughter cells
Diploid
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4
Q

Meiosis

A

2 sets of phases.
leads to recombination in next generation
diploid to haploid
4 haploid cells formed.

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5
Q

Meiosis 1-

Meiosis 2-

A

reductional division

equational division

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6
Q

What phase is DNA duplicated-

A

S phase

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7
Q

law of segregation-

A

during formation of gametes, genes separate randomly so that each gamete receives one of the other with equal likelihood.

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8
Q

Pure line theory-

A

Once homozygous gentotype is reached or line is established , further selection within that line is ineffective.

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9
Q

Heterozygous-

A

unlike genes at corresponing loci

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10
Q

Essential characteristics of a cultivar-

A

Identifiable and reproducible

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11
Q

No interaction-
Additive genes-
Duplicate genes-

A

mendelian inheritance
Either dominant produces same phenotype
one dominate allele from either locus needed for phenotype

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12
Q

Dominant epistasis-

pleiotrophy-

A

Dominant allele at one end of locus makes expression at second locus.

one gene affects multiple alleles.

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13
Q

Complementary epistasis-

A

Need at least one dominant allele from both loci for phenotype

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14
Q

What is genotype by environment-

A

The process of selecting genotypes on how well they preform in various environments.

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15
Q

pure line selection-

A

process of purifying a mixed group of crops to obtain a homozygous specimine.
Year1: select 200-1000 crops w/ desirable trait and harvest seed
year2: plant prodgeny of crop in single strand rows, harvest and collect seed
year3: plant seed in its own plot and observe/test,collect seed
year4-7:name cultivar,release seed and test.

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16
Q

Additive effects-
Dominance effects-
Non-allelic interaction variance-

A

genes having linear additive effects
deviations of heterozygote from mid parent or average
deviations caused by epistatic effects

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17
Q

Donor-

Recurrent parent-

A

Superior character of initial cross

Adaptive parent

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18
Q

multiline cultivar-
isolines-
advantages of multiline cultivar-

A

composite of genetically similar lines
genetically similar except one gene
as pathogens mutate new races will not likely be able to attack all isolines.

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19
Q

Steps to developing Multiline cultivars-

A
  1. Develop isolines each w/ genes fro resistance to different pathogens
  2. Backcross to form multilines
  3. Add new isolines if needed.
20
Q

Homozygous-

heterozygous-

A

like genes at corresponding loci

unlike alleles at corresponding loci

21
Q

homogenious-
heterogenious
heterosis-

A

uniform
variable
increase in vigor

22
Q

Why can you not use a progeny from a single plant to develop a cultivar?

A

it will eventually begin to suffer from inbreeding depression.

23
Q

Mass selection-

goal?

A

desirable plants chosen/seed harvesed/composited w/o progeny test.
increase proportions of superior genotypes.no pollination control.

24
Q

Progeny selection-

goal-

A

grown to determine the breeding behavior of selected plants.

determine genetically superior plants due to environment.

25
Q

Recurrent selection-

steps:

A

use concentrated genes for a desired quantitative trait.

  1. i.D. superior gene, 2. Inter-mate superior genotypes for new gene combinations
  2. repeat as long as improvements are obtained in trait of interest.
26
Q

Open pollinated cultivar-

A

no control over pollen.

27
Q

General combining ability-

Specific combining ability-

A

average performance of a plant strain.

performance of strain in specific combination

28
Q

Synthetic Cultivar-

How is one developed?

A

Advanced generations of seed mixtures or strains,clones, inbreds, or hybrids for a limited number of generations. “artificial”.
allowing random, inter-pollination among inbreds,strains, and clones.

29
Q

inbreeding depression-

A

decline of plant size and vigor with inbreeding.

30
Q

Single cross-
Double cross
Triple cross-

A

2 parents
4 parents
3 parents

31
Q

Why was Cms-T discontinued after early 1970s-

A

Southern corn leaf blight caused extensive damage.

32
Q

Biotechonology-

A

use of living organisms and their products for commercial use.

33
Q

Molecular Biology -

Molecular genetics-

A

biology at the molecular basic of inheritance and protein synthesis.

Structure and activity of Genetic material at the molecular level.

34
Q

Explain electrophoresis-

A

Electricity is applied DNA that is sitting inside agarose. The DNA is negative and the Negative pole of the current repels the DNA pushing it through the agross gel. The DNA that is larger cannot move as far so the smaller DNA Moves the furthest. The buffer keeps the DNA from becoming Denatured by maintaing the proper PH levels. Stain is used as visual aid to see the DNA.

35
Q

What are genetic maps used for-

A

Shows the relative positions of genes on chromosomes and physical mapping is more presise.

36
Q

Mutation-

gene mutation-

chromosome mutation-

A

sudden change in heredity of a cell.

deletions or molecular changes in a cell.

rearrangement, loss, or duplication of chromosome segments.

37
Q

spontaneous and induced mutations-

A

spontaneous occurs in nature.

induced is because of a mutagenic agent

38
Q

mutagen-

A

substance that causes mutations

39
Q

two types of ionizing radiations-

A

xrays and gamma rays

40
Q

Why are mutagens sometimes used in plant preeding-

A

increase variability,available naturally, and provide mutations for specific traits not available naturally.

41
Q

Genetic engineering-

A

manipulation of genes to create heritable changes in biological organisms

42
Q

GMO

A

organism whos genetic makeup has been changed

43
Q

recombinant DNA-

A

hybrid DNA molecule produced in laboratory by joining pieces of DNA from different sources.

44
Q

Transgenic-

transgene-

A

organism that has a foreign DNA sequence.

gene inserted into another organism

45
Q

tissue culture-

totitpotiency

A

regeneration of functional plants from embryonic tissues.

potential to develop when cultured invitro .

46
Q

Explant-

Callus-
how can plants be regenerated from callus cells

A

multicellular tissue fragments.

Undifferentiated mass of cells.
can be subdivided to form subcultures or cultured in liquid media.

47
Q

Rouging-

A

removing off-type plants from a population of plants or cultivar.

Plant Breeding (3 decks)

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