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Bethany - Chemistry > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are elements made up of ?

A

Atoms

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2
Q

How many types of atom are elements made up of ?

A

1 (ie. Gold contains ONLY gold)

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3
Q

How are elements arranged in the P.T ?

A

‘By family’

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4
Q

What do we use for the different elements ?

A

Symbols

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5
Q

Some elements are very ________ and will not be found _______ in ______. Only very few are found ________- such as ____.

A

Some elements are very unreactive and will not be found free in nature. Only very few are found uncombined- such as gold.

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6
Q

What are vertical columns in the P.T called ?

A

GROUPS

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7
Q

What are horizontal rows in the P.T called ?

A

PERIODS

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8
Q

What is an ATOMIC NUMBER ?

A

This is the number of protons in an atom. it is the value which the elements are arranged in the P.T and it is also the number which defines the element.

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9
Q

What is the MASS NUMBER ?

A

This number gives the mass of the atom (or more correctly the Imole of the atoms)

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10
Q

As only ______ and ______ have mass.

MASS NUMBER = (NUMBER OF _____ + NUMBER OF ______) in an atom.

A

As only protons and neutrons have mass.

MASS NUMBER = (NUMBER OF protons + NUMBER OF neutrons) in an atom.

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11
Q

What does ‘Atoms are electrically neutral’ tell us ?

A

This fact tells us that in an atom, there must be the same number of positive protons and negative electrons.

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12
Q

Neutrons = ______ ________

A

Neutrons = Mass Protons

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13
Q

Where are electrons found ?

A

Electrons are found outside the nucleus.

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14
Q

What are electrons arranged in ?

A

Shells

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15
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held until the first shell ?

A

2

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16
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons that the second shell can hold ?

A

8

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17
Q

Why do elements react ?

A

To achieve a full outer shell of electrons.

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18
Q

Full outer shell = ________ _____

A

Full outer shell = valence shell

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19
Q

What do elements form when they react ?

A

Compounds

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20
Q

What are compounds made from ?

A

Compounds are made from more than one elements, where the elements are chemically bonded.

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21
Q

How many elements are there in excess of ?

A

110 elements

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22
Q

What is the word equation to summarise chemical reactions ?

A

Reactants —-> products

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23
Q

What do chemical reactions result in ?

A

The formation of something new. (The product)

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24
Q

Name 4 signs of a chemical reaction

A
  • change in energy (given out or taken in)
  • change in colour
  • precipitation may form (a solid produced when 2 solutions mixed)
  • a gas may be produced
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25
Q

Are most elements reactive ?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What to reactive elements reacts to achieve ?

A

A FULL VALENCE SHELL

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27
Q

What do elements make when they react ?

A

Compounds

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28
Q

What do chemical reactions let us make ?

A

New substances

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29
Q

Compounds whose names end in “ide” contain ___________ .

A

Only the 2 named elements

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30
Q

Compounds whose names end in “ite” or “ate” contain _____________.

A

The 2 named elements PLUS oxygen

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31
Q

What are word equations used for ?

A

To summarise chemical reactions

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32
Q

What to word equations lead to ?

A

Formulae equations

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33
Q

When chemical reactions occur _________ ___ __ _______ _______.

A

When chemical reactions occur, something new is always formed.

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34
Q

Energy in —-> ________

Energy out —> ________

A

Energy in —> Endothermic

Energy out —> Exothermic

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35
Q

Different reactions have different ______.

A

Rates (speeds)

36
Q

Reaction rate is not ______. It can be _______ by ________ reaction conditions.

A

Reaction rate is not fixed. It can be changed by altering reaction conditions.

37
Q

Name 4 ways we can speed up reactions

A
  • increase temperature
  • decrease particle size
  • increase concentration
  • add a catalyst
38
Q

Name the 3 bonding types

A

Metallic Bonding - metal:metal
Ionic Bonding - metal:non-metal
Covalent Bonding - non-metal:non-metal

39
Q

What do bonds do ?

A

Holds things together

40
Q

What holds a metal together ?

A

Metallic bonding

41
Q

How do metal atoms hold their valence electron(s) ?

A

Loosely

42
Q

What can happen because metal atoms hold their valence shells so loosely ? And what is the term for this ?

A

The atoms can drift of the atom into the spaces between the atoms -the term for this is DELOCALISED.

43
Q

In bonding we are always looking for _______ ________ to ______, that’s what forms the bond.

A

In bonding we are always looking for opposite charges to attract, that’s what forms the bond.

44
Q

The more ______ _______ that are delocalised, the ______ the “cement” holding the _______ ___________ - the stronger the _______ will be and therefore the higher mpt will be.

A

The more valence electrons that are delocalised, the stronger the “cement” holding the metal together - the stronger the bonding will be and therefore the higher mpt will be.

45
Q

Where is ionic bonding USUALLY found ?

A

Between metals and non- metals.

46
Q

Why would two elements be reactive ?

A

Because they have incomplete valence shells

47
Q

In ionic bonding, ______ atoms lose their _____ electron(s) to the ___________ atoms which _____ electron(s) into their ________ _____.

A

In ionic bonding, metal atoms lose their valence electron(s) to the non-metal atoms which gain electron(s) into their valence shell.

48
Q

What is electrostatic attraction also known as ?

A

Ionic Bonding

49
Q

When is covalent bonding usually found ?

A

When non-metals bond to non-metals.

50
Q

What does covalent bonding involve ?

A

The sharing of valence electrons (must be valence, the rest are tucked away)

51
Q

What is bonding like ?

A

Bonding is like a tug of war. Both pull on the shared electrons. If the pull is even, the electrons stay in the middle and the two atoms are held together.

52
Q

What becomes important when we look at molecules ?

A

Shape

53
Q

1 covalent bond = ____________________

A

1 covalent bond = 1 pair of shared electrons

54
Q

What can covalent compounds form ?

A

Double/triple covalent bonds.

55
Q

What can covalent compounds also exist as ?

A

DISCRETE MOLECULES- a known and limited number of each atom type in the molecule.

56
Q

What are the Group 1 metals ?

A

The alkali metals

57
Q

What are Group 1 elements stored in and why ?

A

Stored in oil because they react with water

58
Q

Are Group 1 metals soft or hard ?

A

Soft (can be easily cut with a knife)

59
Q

What happens to The Alkali Metals shine?

A

Rapidly loses their shine as the surface metal reacts

60
Q

What kind of density do Alkali Metals have ?

A

Low density (all float on water)

61
Q

Why are the group 1 metals grouped that way ?

A

Because they react the same with water.

62
Q

What are the Group 2 elements called ?

A

Alkaline Earth Metals

63
Q

What do The Alkaline Earth Metals react with water to produce ?

A

Alkali + hydrogen gas

64
Q

Are The Alkaline Earth Metals more or less reactive than the group 1 metals ?

A

Less reactive (don’t need to be stored under oil)

65
Q

In The Alkaline Earth Metals - does reactivity increase or decrease as you descend the group ?

A

Increases

66
Q

What is the one set of elements that don’t actually have a group ?

A

Transition Elements

67
Q

What metals are in The Transition Elements ?

A

All metals

68
Q

What kind of valencies do The Transition Elements have ?

A

Variable Valences

69
Q

What do The Transition Elements often produce ?

A

Coloured compounds

70
Q

What can The Transition Elements be used as ?

A

A catalyst

71
Q

What are the Group 7 elements called ?

A

The Halogens

72
Q

Do The Halogens get more or less reactive as you descend the group ?

A

Less reactive

73
Q

Describe Fluorine (F)

A

Yellow gas

74
Q

Describe Chlorine (Ci)

A

Green gas

75
Q

Describe Bromine (Bi)

A

Red/brown liquid

76
Q

Describe Iosine (I)

A

Violet/Black solid

77
Q

What are the Group 0 (old group 8) elements called ?

A

The Noble Gases

78
Q

How do The Noble Gases react in terms of reactivity ?

A

Fairly unreactive

79
Q

What are atoms ?

A

Atoms are the smallest particle in which matter can easily be broken down.

80
Q

What are atoms made of ?

A

Three types of sub-atomic particles

81
Q

What are the three types of sub-atomic particles ?

A

Protons
Electrons
Neutrons

82
Q

What is the mass of

  • protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons ?
A
  • 1 a.m.u
  • 1 a.m.u
  • negligible
83
Q

What does a.m.u stand for ?

A

Atomic mass unit

84
Q

What is the charge of

  • protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons ?
A
  • 1+
  • Neutral
  • 1-
85
Q

What is the location of

  • protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons ?
A
  • nucleus of atom
  • nucleus of atom
  • outside nucleus in shells

Bethany - Chemistry (3 decks)

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