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Test 1.2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A patient comes to you and complains that they can’t see straight ahead, but that their peripheral vision is fine. You would conclude that the problem is most likely a results of ____?

A

Damage to the macula and/or fovea of the retina

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2
Q

The olfactory pathway follows which route for the conscious perception of odors?

A

Olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, olfactory cortex

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3
Q

Which of the below structures acts to convert sound waves to vibrations?

A

Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

Olfactory receptors are found …..

A

Only in the olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

The olfactory tract ….

  1. Is only motor neurons
  2. Has its integrating center in the brainstem
  3. Receives info from taste buds
  4. Consists of olfactory and vestibulocochlear nerves
  5. Projects to the amygdala (emotion center) and other brain regions
A

5.

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6
Q

A patient has primary hypothyroidism, this can be corrected/treated by injecting TSH. True or False?

A

False

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7
Q

The most straightforward pathway for light info traveling from the retina is….

A

Photoreceptor, Bipolar cell, Retinal Ganglion cell

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8
Q

If a patient lacked the gene for transduction, which of the following would be true?

  1. Bleaching could not occur
  2. Light could not activate phosphodiesterase
  3. Light could not enter through the pupil
  4. They would have normal vision
  5. The photopigment could not absorb light
A

2.

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9
Q

The mechanism of phototransduction is best described as …

A

Light-induced isomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal, activation of rhodopsin, activation of transducer, activation of phosphodiesterase, destruction of cCMP, closure of Na+ channels, hyper polarization of photoreceptor

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10
Q

Otoliths are found associated with which structures

A

Maculae

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11
Q

The G protein involved with the sense of taste is called:

A

Gustducin

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12
Q

Which of the below structures converts vibrations to electrical potentials?

A

Hair cells of the Organ of corti

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13
Q

The structures involved solely with dynamic equilibrium are

A

ampullae, cristae, cupola

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14
Q

Chemicals released by one individual of a species that affects another individual are called?

A

Pheromones

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15
Q

The auditory pathway skips the thalamus. True or False?

A

False

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16
Q

When a hormone is present at very low levels, the number of target-cell receptors may increase. This is called…

A

Up regulation

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17
Q

Which contains the highest concentration of K+?

A

Cochlear duct endolymph

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18
Q

Which of the structures carries action potentials caused by sound transduction?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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19
Q

These signaling molecules act on the same cell that releases them.

A

Autocrines

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20
Q

The sequence of events involved the cAMP 2nd messenger system is best described by which of the following?

A

Hormone binds to receptor, Receptor changes shape, Activation of G protein, Activation of adenylate cyclase, Increased conversion of ATP to cAMP, cAMP binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A, Catalytic subunit phosphorylates proteins

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21
Q

When you walk out of a dark theatre into the bright sun you are momentarily blinded because…

A

Bleaching of the photoreceptors

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22
Q

The hair cells in the auditory system is located between which 2 membranes?

A

Basilar and Tectorial Membranes

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23
Q

We have 25 different olfactory receptor proteins. True or False?

A

False

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24
Q

All steps of phototransduction are light-dependent. True or False?

A

False

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25
Q

The sensory cells involved with static equilibrium are located in the:

A

Maculae of the utricle and saccule

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26
Q

Olfactory sensory cells project to the

A

Olfactory bulb

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27
Q

Salty tastes are transduced by Na+ binding to a membrane receptor and activating second messenger system. True or False?

A

False

28
Q

Which structures senses dynamic equilibrium?

A

Semicircular canals

29
Q

This lies between the lens and the retina.

A

Vitreous chamber

30
Q

Which sequence best describes the auditory pathway?

A

Cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus in the medulla, superior olivary nucleus in the pons, inferior colliculus in the midbrain, medial genticulate nucleus of the thalamus, auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

31
Q

Hair bundles within the vestibular system transduce vibrations to electrical signals by

A

K+ current through the mechanoreceptors connected to the tip-link proteins

32
Q

Which receptor is primarily used during high light saturation?

A

Cones

33
Q

You isolate a previously unknown hormone receptor and you want to know what type of hormones it binds. The only information that you have is that it is located in the cell nucleus. You would know immediately that you are dealing with:

A

A lipid-soluble hormone

34
Q

Which of the following hormones decreases blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

35
Q

Release of epinephrine from the adrenal gland will result in

  1. Increased lipolysis
  2. Increased heart rate
  3. Inhibition of the GI tract
  4. Increased BP
  5. All of the above
A

5

36
Q

The best initial treatment for type 2 diabetes is insulin injections. True or False?

A

False

37
Q

Hypersecretion of which hormone will result in suppression of the immune system?

A

Cortisol

38
Q

Castration results in the inhibition of the gonadotropins (LH and FSH). True or False?

A

False

39
Q

Which of the following is not a glucocorticoid effect?

  1. Reduction of inflammation
  2. Protein and fat breakdown
  3. Glucose formation
  4. Increased in blood cell proliferation
  5. Immune suppression
A

4.

40
Q

Oxytocin stimlates:

  1. milk production
  2. milk ejection
  3. aggressive behavior
  4. maternal behavior
  5. 2&4
  6. 1&3
A

5

41
Q

Which of the below regulates the secretion of ADH?

A

Blood osmotic pressure

42
Q

Cortisol binding to its receptor causes

  1. glycogen synthesis
  2. gluconeogenesis
  3. increased water uptake
  4. none
  5. 1&2
A

2

43
Q

What controls the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Action of the hypothalamic hormones

44
Q

Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes LH?

A

Goandotropins

45
Q

Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets make and secrete insulin. True or False?

A

False

46
Q

A deficiency of iodine in your diet will result in:

  1. a glucose imbalance
  2. a goiter
  3. hypertension
  4. high levels of TSH in the blood
  5. 2&4
A

5

47
Q

Which of the following is not involved in synthesizing t3 and t4?

  1. oxidation of iodide
  2. iodide trapping
  3. coupling of t1 and t2 to thyroglobulin (TGB)
  4. iodination of tyrosine
  5. binding of t3 and t4 to thyroid binding globulin
A

5

48
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates Cortisol production?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

49
Q

ADH conserves water by…

A

Stimulating insertion of aquaporins into the kidney tubules

50
Q

Type 1 diabetes is the result of insulin deficiency. True or false

A

True

51
Q

Which hormone that is involved in salt and water balance is stimulated by the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Aldosterone

52
Q

Which hormone is stimulated by decrease in blood glucose?

A

Glucagon

53
Q

You are given 2 syringes, each containing an unknown hormone. One syringe contains a lipid soluble hormone and the other a water soluble hormone ( for example, a protein hormone). You can inject the hormone into lab rats and measure the response. Which hormone is the lipid soluble?

  1. The hormone that has the most rapid and long lasting effects
  2. the hormone that increases aggressive behavior
  3. there is no way to tell using this approach
  4. the hormone that acts the slowest, but the effects last for the longest time
A

4

54
Q

Which hormones stimulates metabolic rate?

A

Thyroid hormone

55
Q

Prolactin secretion is normally inhibited by

A

dopamine

56
Q

After a patient becomes an adult, they get a tumor in the pituitary gland that secretes excess growth hormone. This will result in

  1. giantism
  2. exopthalamus
  3. acromegaly
  4. 1&3
  5. all of the above
A

3

57
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary stimulates production of sex steroid

A

LH

58
Q

Aldosterone binds to an intracellular receptor and causes aquaporins to be inserted in to the membrane of the kidney tubules. True or False?

A

False

59
Q

Complete loss of Aldosterone will will to death due to

A

Dehydration

60
Q

Steroid hormones ….

  1. act to alter transcription
  2. act via increased cAMP
  3. use G proteins coupled receptors
  4. depolarize cells
  5. None
A

1

61
Q

Which of following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

62
Q

Diabetes insipid us results in the formation of vast quantities of dilute urine. This diseases the results of a disorder regarding?

A

ADH

63
Q

The indirect effects of GH are mediated but a molecule called insulin-like growth factor 1. True or False?

A

True

64
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

65
Q

You have a patient with a glucocorticoid deficiency; you take a bllod sample and discover that ACTH levels are very high and cortisol levels are very low. This patient is suffering from primary adrenal deficiency. True or False?

A

True

Test 1.2 (4 decks)

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