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Petroleum Geology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Source

A

rock in which organic material is stored and is converted to hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Reservoir

A

porous and permeable rock capable of storing fluids such as natural gas and oil

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3
Q

Seals

A

impermeable rock that prevents fluid flow and is low in porosity and permeability

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4
Q

Trap

A

method of placing the seal on a reservoir

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5
Q

Maturation

A

thermal history of hydrocarbons

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6
Q

Migration

A

Path from source to reservoir

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7
Q

Timing

A

the migration must be of the right timing and the organic matter must have enough time and heat to effectively convert to hydrocarbons

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8
Q

Hunt, Andrews, and Cram all addressed which of the seven key elements of sedimentary basins

A

Trap

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9
Q

What did Cram suggest that was different from Andrews and Hunt

A

Stratigraphic Traps

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10
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

a molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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11
Q

nC21: Structure=?, Carbon Atoms=?

A

Structure: normal paraffin

Carbon Atoms: 21

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12
Q

Living organisms prefer even or odd numbers of carbons

A

odd numbers of carbons

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13
Q

Carbon Preference Index (CPI) for organisms: ? Hydrocarbons:?

A

Organisms: 4-5; Hydrocarbons: ~=1

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14
Q

Name of Structure, General Chemical Formula, H/C, and Saturated?

A

Naphthene, CnH2n, H/C=2, Saturated

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15
Q

Which major hydrocarbon structure has the highest H/C ratio?

A

Normal or Iso-Paraffin

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16
Q

What is the one stable aromatic?

A

Benzene

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17
Q

What type of water productivity will preserve the most organic material?

A

High water productivity

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18
Q

What kind of sediment grain size will preserve the most organic material

A

small (clay)

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19
Q

What type of sediment mineralogy will preserve the most organic material?

A

clay

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20
Q

What kind of energy EOD will preserve the most organic material?

A

low energy

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21
Q

What amount of oxygen will preserve the most organic material?

A

an anaerobic environment

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22
Q

90% of the organic matter preserved in sediments is insoluble _____.

A

Kerogen

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23
Q

10% of the organic matter preserved in sediments is soluble _____.

A

Bitumen

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24
Q

A sample of organic matter is mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lignin. Is this material soluble or is it insoluble in organic solvents such as benzene or methanol?

A

Insoluble

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25
Q

How does dissolved organic matter become incorporated into sediments?

A

Winnowed organic material is adsorbed by clays.

26
Q

Of the three forms of organic matter that are found in ocean water, which is most abundant

A

Dissolved

27
Q

Briefly define TOC

A

Total organic Carbon: the percent of original organic carbon in a substance

28
Q

Fragmental reservoir rocks are aggregates of one or more of the following components:

A

a. Grains
b. Matrix
c. Cement

29
Q

Composition or Mineralogy (how many?) of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

A

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: more than one

Chemical Reservoir Rocks: micro-mineralization

30
Q

Texture of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

A

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: Clastic/Fragmental

Chemical Reservoir Rocks: Crystalline

31
Q

Primary porosity of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

A

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: yes

Chemical Reservoir Rocks: no

32
Q

Example of a reservoir rock of Fragmental Reservoir Rocks vs. Chemical Reservoir Rocks

A

Fragmental Reservoir Rocks: Sandstone

Chemical Reservoir Rocks: Limestone

33
Q

How are fragmental (clastic) rocks formed from sediments? Name the three different processes involved in lithification in the correct order.

A
  1. Burial
  2. Compactions
  3. Cementation
34
Q

The name of a sandstone that has at least 25% matrix

A

Graywacke

35
Q

Is the porosity of a limestone formed from the remains of micro-organisms primary or secondary porosity?

A

Primary

36
Q

Is the porosity of a chert layer formed by natural fractures primary or secondary porosity?

A

Secondary Porosity

37
Q

Name one process that causes the secondary porosity of a rock to be greater than the primary porosity.

A

Fracturing/Faulting

38
Q

Name one process that cause the secondary porosity to be less than the primary porosity.

A

Recrystallization

39
Q

Explain why the porosity of chemical reservoir rocks is enhanced just below an unconformity surface.

A

Just below and unconformity is where a lot of erosion happened so some rock may have been dissolved allowing greater porosity.

40
Q

Explain the difference between elastic compaction and plastic compaction.

A

Elastic can retain its original form, plastic cannot

41
Q

Describe on cause of fracturing that has nothing to do with either folding or faulting

A

Decompression

42
Q

Why does pin-point porosity form?

A

Pin-point porosity forms where calcite replaces other minerals in limestone through the process of dolomitization.

43
Q

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Meandering Streams?

A

Reservoir Facies: point bar deposits

Seal Facies: flood plain

44
Q

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of a Braided Stream?

A

Reservoir Facies: Channel bar deposits

Seal Facies: none

45
Q

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Desert Ergs (Sand Seas)?

A

Reservoir Facie: dunes

Seal Facie: none

46
Q

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Barrier Islands?

A

Reservoir Facie: shoreface

Seal Facie: lagoons

47
Q

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Deltas?

A

Reservoir Facie: distributor mouth deposits

Seal Facie: delta plain

48
Q

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal facies of Tidal Flats?

A

Reservoir Facie: Subtidal

Seal Facie: Supratidal

49
Q

What are the Reservoir Facies and Seal Facies of Deep Sea Fans?

A

Reservoir Facie: turbidity sands

Seal Facie: marine clays/shales

50
Q

Give an example of a shoe-string sand deposit

A

Meandering Stream

51
Q

Would you be able to distinguish between an upper delta plain deposit and a meandering stream deposit from subsurface cores?

A

No

52
Q

Give an example of an environment of deposition where the vertical sequence lines upwards.

A

Braided Stream

53
Q

Give an example of an environment of deposition where the vertical sequence coarsens upwards.

A

Deltaic, Barrier Island

54
Q

What is the primary porosity of a limestone, and would secondary porosity be greater than or less than the primary porosity?

A

Primary porosity is when it was deposited (low?); greater

55
Q

Name any one place on Earth where an eolian environment of deposition is locate

A

Desert (Sahara Desert)

56
Q

Compare the energy conditions in the environment of deposition for a reservoir rock to the energy conditions in the environment of deposition for a source rock.

A

Energy for source rock: high
Energy for reservoir rock: low

57
Q

Name one environment of deposition that has a linear trend parallel to the coastline.

A

Barrier Islands

58
Q

Name one environment of deposition that has a linear trend perpendicular to the coastline.

A

Stream

59
Q

Name one prominent landform that one might find in an eolian environment of deposition.

A

Dune

60
Q

Of all the carbonate MINERALS, which is the most soluble in water?

A

Aragonite

61
Q

What MINERAL is the most common cement?

A

Quartz

Petroleum Geology (5 decks)

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