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Vit and Min > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

two classes of vitamin E

A

 Tochopherols

 Tocotreinols (trienols)

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2
Q

vitamin E vitamers

A

alpha, beta, gamma, delta

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3
Q

only this has biological activity and can meet needs of the vitamin E

A

alpha- tocopherol

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4
Q

sources vitamin E

A

o Primarily plant foods
o Especially oils
o Sunflower, wheat germ, canola, rich in alpha tocopherol
o Soybean, corn less alpha higher gamma
o Green portions of leafs, - alpha tocopherol

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5
Q

RDA Vitamin E

A

o RDA 15 mg of RRR alpha-tochopherol, men women and prego. 19mg in lactating

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6
Q

where is vitamin E absorbed

A

the jejunum by passive diffusion

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7
Q

how do you test for vitamin E

A

 Blood analyses

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8
Q

what is the normal blood plasma for vitamin E

A

5- 20ug

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9
Q

who is at risk for vitamin E deficiency

A

including premature infants and those with fat malabsorption disorders like , cystic fibrosis and hepatobilary system disorders, like chronic cholestasis

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10
Q

symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

A

o Skeletal muscle pain (myopathy) and weakness, Ceroid pigment accumulation, Hemolytic anemia, and degenerative neurological problems (peripheral neuropathy ataxia, loss of vibratory sense, and loss of coordination of limbs

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11
Q

symptoms of vitamin E toxicity

A

o Mild gastrointestinal problems, nausea, diarrhea and flatulence, inpaired blood coagulation, possible increased severity of respiratory infections and occasional reports of muscle weakness fatigues and double vision. Increased mortality. (over 1000 mg)

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12
Q

what is the TU for vitamin E

A

1,000 mg

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13
Q

functions of Vitamin E

A

antioxidant, maintains cell membrane, oxidation protection, helps with age related macular degeneration (cataracts)

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14
Q

vit/min that work with vitamin E

A

selenium and vitamin C

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15
Q

How does vitamin C help E

A

C regenerates E

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16
Q

vitamin E interference

A

high intake E can interfere with other fat soluble vitamins, inhibits absorption and metabolism. impairs vitamin K

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17
Q

vitamin E cell membrane function

A

improves membrane structure , to enhance cellular glucose uptake

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18
Q

Vit E lipid peroxidation function

A

 suggested to diminish oxidation in those with conditions characterized by lipid peroxidation such as iron toxicity and diabetes.
 alpha-tocopherol also protects the fats in low density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation.

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19
Q

where is Vit E stored?

A

no single organ. mostly in adipose tissue.

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20
Q

vit E function glucose transport

A

may improve insulin action and glucose disposal

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21
Q

two kinds of vitamin K

A

o Phylloquinone K1

o Menaquinone K2

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22
Q

sources of K1 (phylloquinone)

A

 From plant sources – green leafy
 Oils and margarines
 Rapeseed and soybean oil

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23
Q

sources of K2 Menaquinone

A

bacteria in intestines, animal foods: liver, fermented cheese and soybean

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24
Q

daily value of vit K

A

80µg

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25
Q

what destroys vit K

A

Exposure to light and heat

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26
Q

where does K1 absorb

A

requires no digestion, absorbed from the small intestine, jejunum as part of micelles

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27
Q

where does K2 absorb

A

Synthesized by some bacteria in lower digestive tract absorbed by passive diffusion from the ileum and colon

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28
Q

Normal blood plasma phylloquninone concentrations

A

0.15- 1.15 ng/mL (.3-2.5 nmol/L)

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29
Q

where is vit K stored?

A

cell membranes in several tissues - Lungs, kidneys, bone marrow and adrenal glands

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30
Q

is there limited or large storage cap for vit K?

A

With limited vitamin K storage capacity, the body recycles vitamin K in the vitamin K oxidation-reduction cycle in order to reuse it multiple times.(More information)

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31
Q

function of Vit K

A

blood clotting. forms GLA, bone miberlization.

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32
Q

how is vit K best absorbed?

A

with fat

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33
Q

how do you test for vit K?

A
  • Plasma or serum concentrations of phylloquinone reflect recent intake
  • Whole blood clotting times and prothrombin time can identify deficiency
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34
Q

is deficiency likely with vit K?

A

no

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35
Q

what is the level of Vit K deficiency

A

.5 ug/L associated

36
Q

what are signs of of Vit K deficiency

A

Bleeding (hemorrhage), bone mineral density diminished, increased fractures, CVD, arterial calcification, inflammation, clotting issues

37
Q

who is most at risk for vit K deficiency

A
  • New born infants
  • Chronic antibiotics; destruction of Gi bacteria
  • Severe gastrointestinal malabsorptive disorders – cystic fibrosis, obstructive jaundice, Crohn’s, intestinal bypass surgery, chronic pancreatitis, and liver disease
  • Elderly
38
Q

what is the TU of vit k

A

none established

39
Q

what are signs of vit k toxicity

A

no known toxicity from natural forms

40
Q

vitamins that interfere with vit K

A

 Vitamins A and E antagonize Vitamin K
• Excess of both interfere with vitamin K absorption
• Vitamin E may also inhibit metabolism of MK-4 to phylloquinone and increase hepatic oxidation and excretion of all forms of Vitamin K

41
Q

who is at risk for vit K deficiency

A

infants, lack of vit k in milk

42
Q

results of vit K deficiency in infants

A

bleeding with in skull

43
Q

meds that interfere with vit K

A

warfarin, blood thinners

44
Q

Glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose

45
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose units

46
Q

Glycolysis

A

oxidation of glucose

47
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

production of glucose from noncarbohydrate intermediates

48
Q

what is insulin

A

Regulates level of blood glucose during periods of feeding and fasting

49
Q

what is glycagon

A

a hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

50
Q

what is GI

A

o Index – alternative way to classify dietary carbohydrates by their impact on bloo glucose levels caused by ease of digestion and absorption

51
Q

what is GL

A

equals the glycemic index times the grams of carbohydrate in a typical portion of food

52
Q

how is NADH produced

A

product of the Krebs cycle

53
Q

• Glucose 6 phosphatase

A

o Glucose 6-phosphatase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate, resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose.

54
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

55
Q

where does Krebs take place

A

mitochondria

56
Q

what does Electron transport chain take place

A

mitochondria

57
Q

what does gluconeogenesis occur

A

in liver (kidneys during starvation)

58
Q

components of saliva

A

o 99.5% water
o Dissolves food
o Principal enzyme alpha amylase (ptyalin)

59
Q

Alpha amylase

A

 Originates in salivary glands, mouth

 Hydrolyzes starch

60
Q

volume of stomach full vs empty

A

empty 50mL (2oz) full 1 - 1.5 L (~37-52 oz)

61
Q

• Neck (mucus) cells

A

located close to the surface mucosa, secrete bicarbonate and mucus

62
Q

• Parietal (oxyntic) cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

63
Q

• Chief cells (peptic or zymogenic cells

A

secrete pepsinogens

64
Q

• Enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete variety of hormones

65
Q

• Parietal cells

A

an oxyntic (acid-secreting) cell of the stomach wal

66
Q

• G cells

A

stimulate hydrochloric acid release

67
Q

• Hydrochloric acid

A

o converting or activation zymogen pepsinogen to from pepsin
o denaturing proteins which results in the destruction of tertiary and secondary protein structure and thereby opens interior bonds to the proteolytic effect of the enzyme pepsin
o releases various nutrients from organic complexes
o acting as bactericide agent, killing many bacteria ingested along with food

68
Q

what is pepsin

A

the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

69
Q

CCK

A

increase intestinal motility

70
Q

gastrin (GRP)/bombesin

A

Stimulate gastric secretion

71
Q

secretin

A

inhibits gastric secretion

72
Q

MALT

A

• Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

73
Q

GALT

A

• Gut associated lymphoid tissue

74
Q

microfold M cells

A

important for the induction of efficient immune responses to some mucosal antigens in Peyer’s patches

75
Q

 Dendritic Cells

A

o Type of macrophage
o Found in GI tract
o Destroy foreign antigens and stimulate lymphocytes to destroy antigens

76
Q

what are the accessory organs

A

 Pancreas, liver, gallbladder

77
Q

Pancreas

A

makes endocrine and exocrine cells

78
Q

Acinar cells

A

o The pancreatic acinar cell is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes digestive enzymes.

79
Q

what is the function of bile

A

o Acids and salts act as detergents to emulsify lipids
 Breakdown large fat globules into small fat droplets
 Help absorb lipids by forming small, spherical cylindrical or disc like complexes called micelles

80
Q

% of bile reabsorbed by ileum

A

90%

81
Q

How long for macros to be absorbed from chyme after in intestine

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats absorb within 30 min after chyme reached small intestine

82
Q

Which hormones involved in suppression and satiety

A

leptin,

83
Q

what hormone stimulates apatite

A

Ghrelin

84
Q

active transport

A

 the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

85
Q

Passive transport

A

is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of chemical energy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system.

Vit and Min (2 decks)

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