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Psychology 101 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of the brain

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2
Q

aristotle

A

sleep dreams sense of memory

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3
Q

desecrates

A

interactive dualism mind and body are separate

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4
Q

psychology

A

study of behavior and mind

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5
Q

wundt

A

used scientific method to study the fundamental psychological process
father of psychology first lab in Germany
divided brains into sectors

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6
Q

introspection

A

careful systematic observation of own conscious experience reflecting inward describing verbally.
cannot be used to study children or animals

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7
Q

folk psychology

A

the study of cultural influences on mental life

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8
Q

titchner

A

structuralism

even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures

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9
Q

stimulus

A

anything perceptive to the senses

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10
Q

william james

A

established psychology in the U.S.

when you break the brain into components you lose it as a whole

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11
Q

g stanley hall

A

recieved the first phd in psychology
founded the american psychologist association
was it first President

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12
Q

the american journal of opsychology

A

the first U.S. journal dedicated to psychology

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13
Q

Mary Calking

A

taught experimental psychology at wellesley college

wrote introduction to psychology

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14
Q

Francis summer

A

first African to earn a phd in psychology

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15
Q

Freud

A

emphasized the role of the unconsciousness conflicts

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16
Q

john b watson

A

behaviorism rejected freudian notions about the unconsciousness

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17
Q

behaviorism

A

scientific studies that focus on the investigation on behavior

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18
Q

pavlov

A

dogs drooling to sound of a bell even with food isnt around

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19
Q

skinner

A

believed that psychology should only study observable behavior

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20
Q

carl rogers

A

humanism self determination free will humans have a choice

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21
Q

maslow

A

emphasized psychological growth

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22
Q

todays psychologist

A

perspective specialty areas

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23
Q

perspective

A

emphasized the investigating psychological topics

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24
Q

specialty areas

A

train an practice specific psychology

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25
Q

biological perspective

A

studying the bases of human and animal behavior

neuroscience

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26
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

may or may not follow freud

unconscious influences early life

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27
Q

behavioral perspective

A

contemporary psychologist study how behavior acquired or modified by the environment

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28
Q

humanistic perspective

A

focuses on motivation of people to grow psychologically

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29
Q

positive psychology perspective

A

studying the positive emotions

personal happiness, optimism. creativity resilience character wisdom

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30
Q

cognitive perspective

A

focuses on the role of mental process of how people remember information and develop language solve problems and think

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31
Q

cross cultural

A

studies behavior of people in different cultures

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32
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

refers to the application of evolution to explain why psychological process and phenomena

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33
Q

clinical psychology

A

studies the cause and diagnosis treatment and prevention of emotional behaviors

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34
Q

counseling psy

A

helps people of all ages adapt and cope with problems

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35
Q

developmental psy

A

studies the physical social and psychological changes that occur in life

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36
Q

educational psy

A

research focused on basic topics

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37
Q

forensic psy

A

applies psychological principles and techniques to legal issues

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38
Q

health psy

A

focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development prevention and treatment of illness

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39
Q

industrial organization psy

A

relationships of people and the work place

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40
Q

personality psy

A

studies the nature of human personalty

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41
Q

rehabilitation psy

A

uses psychology with people with chronic and disabling health conditions

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42
Q

social psy

A

explores how people are affected by thier socail enviorment

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43
Q

sports psy

A

used to enhance an athletes motivation and performances

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44
Q

clinical psy

A

training leads to a doctorate

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45
Q

psychiatrist

A

medical degree can hospitalize people and prescribe drugs

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46
Q

scientific method

A

describe explain predict control or influences

refers to a set of assumptions,attitudes, and procedures

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47
Q

events are lawful

A

when the scientific method applies to psychology behavior and mental process follow a constant pattern

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48
Q

events are explainable

A

behavior and mental process have a cause or causes

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49
Q

healthy sense of scientific skeptism

A

psychologist critically evaluate the evidence for new findings

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50
Q

empirical evidence

A

evidence that is the result of objective observation measurement and experimentation

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51
Q

systematically seeking answers

A

formulate question
design a study
analyze the data
report the results

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52
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables

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53
Q

variables

A

contained in a given hypothesis, are simply the factors

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54
Q

operational definition

A

define the variables in a very specific term as to how it will be measured

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55
Q

descriptive metod

A

design the study and collect the data

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56
Q

experimental method

A

used to show that one variable causes change in a second variable

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57
Q

steps to analyzing data

A

statistics
statistically significant
meta analysis
report findings

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58
Q

statistics

A

analyze summarize and draw conclusion

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59
Q

statistically significant

A

the results are not like to have occurred by chance

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60
Q

meta analysis

A

pooling the results of several studies into a single analysis

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61
Q

report the findings

A 
the rational
who participated how they were selected
how variables were operationally defined  
what methods were used 
how the data was analyzed 
what the results seem to suggest
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62
Q

replicated

A

the same study is done again to prove the relationship

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63
Q

building theories

A

not the same as the hypothesis

trying to explain the reasons for diverse findings

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64
Q

self correcting nature of the scientific enterprise

A

when new finds challenge existing ways of thinking

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65
Q

pseudoscience

A

often claim to be scientific while ignoring the basic rules of science

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66
Q

descriptive research methods

A

strategies for observing and describing behavior

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67
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observe and record behaviors as the occur in their natural setting

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68
Q

case study

A

detail, detail, detail

an intense indepth investigation

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69
Q

survey

A

(A) always (B) sometimes (C) never (D) huh?

people respond to a structured set of questions

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70
Q

sample

A

a segment of the group or population

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71
Q

representative sample

A

very closely parallels or matches the large group

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72
Q

random selection

A

every member of the large group has an equal chance of being selected

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73
Q

correlation study

A

examines how closely two variables are related

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74
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship between two factors
always fall in a range from -1.00 to 1.00
the closer the relationship is to 1.00 the stronger the relationship regardless of the sign

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75
Q

positive correlation

A

the two factors vary in the same way

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76
Q

negative correlation

A

as one factor increases the other decreases

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77
Q

experimental method

A

used to demonstrate a cause and effect in two variables

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78
Q

independent variable

A

deliberately varying of factor in an experiment
the actual medication
sometimes referred to as the treatment variable

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79
Q

dependent variable

A

measures the changes if any that are produced in a second factor
depends on variations in the independent variable

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80
Q

extraneous or confounding factors

A

these factors are not the focus of the experiment

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81
Q

the ginkgo biloba experiment

A

testing for effectiveness

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82
Q

experiment group

A

receives the independent variable

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83
Q

placebo

A

is a fake substance, treatment, or procedure that has no known effect

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84
Q

placebo effect

A

is any change attributed to the persons beliefs and expectations

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85
Q

expectancy effect

A

the potential effect of the placebo effect should not be underestimated

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86
Q

random assignment

A

any of the participants have an equal chance of being choosen

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87
Q

double blind treatment

A

neither the researchers nor the participants know who receives the treatment

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88
Q

single blind

A

the researchers are aware but the subjects are not

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89
Q

demand characteristics

A

subtle ques or signals that can bias the outcomes

90
Q

practice effect

A

the participants experience with the test

91
Q

main effect

A

the change that can be directly attributed to the treatment variable

92
Q

control group

A

serves as a baseline against which changes in the experimental group can be compared

93
Q

limitations of experimental and variations in experimental design

A

the results can not be applied to the real world situations or to the general population

94
Q

natural experiment

A

researchers carefully observe and measure the impact of a naturally occurring event

95
Q

ethics psychology research

A

informed consent and voluntary participants

participants and with draw at anytime and are free to decline to participate

96
Q

students as research participants

A

the student is given the opportunity to participate in a study for extra credit if they decline they must be give an alternative

97
Q

the use of deception

A

the psychologist can use this when two conditions have been met

98
Q

deception condition 1

A

it is not feasible to use alternatives

99
Q

deception condition 2

A

the potential findings justify the use of deception

100
Q

confidentiality of information

A

psychologists can not disclose any information or personal identity

101
Q

information about the study and debriefing

A

all participants must be provided with the opportunity to obtain information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research

102
Q

Asperger syndrome

A

a development disorder that resembles autism

103
Q

biological psychology

A

is the study of the biological bases of behavior and mental process

104
Q

neuroscience and biological psychology limits

A

they are not limited to the study of the brain and the nervous system

105
Q

nervous system

A

the bodies primary communication netwok

106
Q

neuron

A

the basic cell of the nervous system
cells that are highly specialized to receive and transmit information
brain contains around 100 billion neurons

107
Q

endocrine system

A

the organization of the nervous system and a closely linked communication network

108
Q

sensory nerves

A

convey information about the environment

109
Q

motor neurons

A

communicate information tot eh muscles and glands

110
Q

interneurons

A

communicate info between neurons

most of the neurons in the brain are interneurons

111
Q

cell body (soma)

A

contains structures that manufacture proteins and process nutrients providing the energy the neurons needs to function

112
Q

neuron body

A

cell body, dendrites, and axon

113
Q

dendrites

A

short branch fibers

receives from other neurons

114
Q

axon

A

is a single elongated tube that extends from the cell body in most some neurons do not have axons

115
Q

Gliol cells

A 
more the just brains packing peanuts 
out number neurons by about 10 to 1 
structural support for neurons
microgliol cell
astrocytes
oligad endrocytes in the brain 
shwann cells in the nervous system
116
Q

microglia cells

A

remove waste products from the nervous system

117
Q

Astrocytes

A

the most abundant cell in the brain

provide connection between the neurons and

118
Q

myelin sheath

A

white covering on axon, protects the axon like tattoo cord

119
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

the small gaps between the myelin sheath when damaged causes multiple Scleroses

120
Q

communication with in the neuron

A

All-or-none action potential

and electrical process

121
Q

Action potential

A

produced but by the movement of electrically charged particles across the membrane of the axon

122
Q

ions

A

positive or negative charged

the axon membrane opens and closes ion channels that allow the flow in and out

123
Q

ion channel

A

allows ions into the membrane of an axon

124
Q

stimulus thresh hold

A

the minimum level of stimulation from other neurons to activate the next neuron
also occurs in sensory receptors

125
Q

polarized

A

the state a neuron is in waiting for stimulation

126
Q

resting potential

A

about -70 millivolts

127
Q

the ions that stimulate the neuron

A

-CL K+ Na+
CL chlorine
K+ potassium

128
Q

depolarized

A

when the neurons is sufficiently stimulated to begin the action potential

129
Q

self-sustaining

A

once the action potential has started it is self-sustaining

130
Q

All-or-none

A

there is no partial stimulation

131
Q

re-factory period

A

after action potential

neuron is unable to fire

132
Q

single neuron

A

can potentially generate hundreds of neural impulses per second

133
Q

myelinated neurons

A

communicate faster then nor myelinated

134
Q

synapse

A

communication between the two neurons

135
Q

presynaptic neurons

A

neuron that receives the message

136
Q

synaptic gap

A

the gap between the communicating neurons

137
Q

electrical communication

A

less then 1% of synapse in the brain use electrical communication

138
Q

chemical communication

A

occurs when the presynaptic neuron creates a chemical substance that id diffused across the synaptic gap

139
Q

axon terminal

A

at the end of the axon

branch like

140
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

tiny sacks floating in the fluid of the axon terminal

141
Q

neurotransmitters

A

special chemical messenger
some neurons only produce only one type of neurotransmitters
communicate with and excititory or inhibitory

142
Q

receptor sites

A

located on the dendrites and other surfaces

143
Q

synaptic transmission

A

the process of transmitting information at the synapse

144
Q

re-uptake

A

occurs with many neurotransmitters that failed to attach to a recptor

145
Q

excititory message

A

increase a neuron will enter an action potential

146
Q

inhibitory

A

decreases the likely hood a neuron will activate

147
Q

Acetylcholine

A

first neurotransmitter discovered
found in motor neurons
important in memory learning and general intellectual
people with Alzheimer’s have less

148
Q

dopamine

A

involved in movement, attention, learning and pleasure
Parkinson disease
Schizophrenia increase hallucination

149
Q

Serotonin

A

sleep, sensory perception, moods and emotional states

150
Q

prozac

A

used to increase serotonin in people with depressiokn

151
Q

Norepinephrine

A

sleep, learning,and memory retrieval

depression

152
Q

gaba

A

gama-aminobutyric acid
usually inhibitory
to much impairs learning motivation and movement

153
Q

endorphines

A

produced internally

derived from endogenous morphines

154
Q

black widow

A

venom causes acetylcholine to be released

155
Q

ssrri

A

stops the reuptake process of certain neuriotrasmitters

156
Q

agonist

A

a drug or other chemical that binds to a receptor

chemically similar to a neurotransmitter produces the same effect

157
Q

antagonist

A

blocks the effect of neurotransmitters

158
Q

curare

A

block acetylcholine receptor sites cause instantaneous paralysis

159
Q

naloxone

A

antagonist at opiod receptors

emlininates the effect of endorphines and and opiods

160
Q

nervous system

A

two systems central and peripheral systems

161
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

communication happens through nerves

all nerves outside the central nervous system

162
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

protected entirely by bone

163
Q

meninges

A

three layers of membranous tissues protecting the brain and spinal cord

164
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

a fluid around the spinal cord and brain to stop them from being jarred

165
Q

ventricles

A

specialized cells that generate neurons in the developing of the brain
linked with neural stem cells

166
Q

(CNS) brain

A

the command center of the central nervous system

167
Q

spinal reflexes

A

simple automatic behaviors that occur without brain involvement

168
Q

withdraw reflex

A

occurs when you touch a painful stimulus

169
Q

sensory neuron

A

communicate sensations to the spinal cord

170
Q

interneurons

A

relay information with in the spinal cord

171
Q

motor neurons

A

signal the muscles to react

172
Q

somatic nervous system

A

key role in communication throughout the the body

173
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary movements such as heart rate blood pressure digestion and breathing

174
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the bodies emergency system

175
Q

parasympathetic system

A

the body relaxes coming out of its activated state

176
Q

endocrine system

A

glands related throughout the body

interact but is not apart of the nervous system

177
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers the endocrine system communicates through
regulates physical process

178
Q

pituitary glland

A

boss gland

produces the growth hormone

179
Q

prolactin

A

the hormone that produces milk

180
Q

oxytocin

A

the hormone that allows the milk to drop into the nipple

181
Q

adrenal glands

A

interests psychologists

consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

182
Q

adrenal cortex

A

the outer gland

produce hormones involved in stress

183
Q

adrenal medulla

A

the inner gland
produces hormones involved in stress
flight or fight

184
Q

gonads

A

sex organs

185
Q

neural pathways

A

link different brain structures

186
Q

human connection project

A

mapping the information highway in the brain

187
Q

neuroplasticity or plasticity

A

the brain ability to change functions and structures

188
Q

functional plasticity

A

the brains ability to shift function of damaged parts to functioning parts

189
Q

structural plasticity

A

the brains ability to physically change its shape

190
Q

neurogensis

A

the development of new neurons after birth

191
Q

hind brain

A

connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

made up of the medulla the pons and the cerebellum

192
Q

medulla

A

messages criss cross

located at the base of the brain just above the spinal cord

193
Q

the pons

A

upper most level of the hind brain

a bridge information is passed from the higher parts of the brain to the cerebellum

194
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance muscle tone and coordinates muscle movement

195
Q

midbrian

A

important relay station

processes auditory and visual sensory information

196
Q

substantia nigra

A

darkly pigmented

motor control and contain a heavy amount of dopamine

197
Q

forebrain

A

above the midbrain

largest region of the brain

198
Q

cerebral cortex

A

most prominent section of the forebrain

outer covering of the forebrain

199
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick bundle of axons

connects the two sides of the brain

200
Q

temporal lobe

A

located near temples

contains primary auditory cortex

201
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

located at the very back of the brain

202
Q

parietal lobe

A

processing bodily or somatosensory information

203
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

information from different touch receptors in the body

204
Q

frontal lobe

A

largest of the cerebral cortex

205
Q

limbic system

A

beneath the cerebral cortex
form complex neural circuit
plays role in learning memory and emotional control

206
Q

the hippocampus

A

key role in keeping new memories

207
Q

thalamus

A

proces and distributes sensory and motor information except smell

208
Q

hypothalamus

A

the brain within the brain

survival eating drinking fear and aggression

209
Q

hyptalamus

A

regulates daily sleep and wake cycles

210
Q

the amygdala

A

involved in emotional responses fear anger and disgust

involved with learning and memories especially those with strong emotional connection

211
Q

localization of fucntion

A

the idea that a function is related to a certain area of the brain

212
Q

broca’s area

A

plays a key role in speech production

in the left hemisphere

213
Q

wernicke’s area

A

in the left temporal lobe

can speak but speech makes no sense

214
Q

speech and language

A

happen in the left hemisphere

215
Q

aphasia

A

partial or complete inability to speak or understand written language

216
Q

expresive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia)

A

cannot produce speech of very difficult

217
Q

receptive aphasia

A

difficulty comprehending language

can speak but have trouble finding the right words

218
Q

split brain opperation

A

the splitting or the corpus callosum

219
Q

roger sperry

A

began unraveling the puzzle of right and left hemisphere

220
Q

left hemishpere

A

superior in language, abilities,speech,reading and writing

221
Q

right hemisphere

A

the creative side

puzzles recognizing faces emotional cues reading maps music appreation

222
Q

left and right hemisphere

A

sensory and motor neurons are symmetrical among the two

Psychology 101 (2 decks)

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