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Animal Biology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protista

A

Most are single-celled organisms. Autotrophic or heterotrophic. Usually no cell wall.

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2
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular, Autotrophic, Cell wall

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3
Q

Fungi

A

Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Cell wall

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4
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular, Heterotrophic, No cell wall

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5
Q

Science

A

Observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena

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6
Q

Scientific Method

A

Process of attaining knowledge by making observations, testing hypotheses, and coming to conclusions.

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7
Q

Observation

A

New observations are made, and previous data are studied

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8
Q

Hypotheses

A

Input from various sources used to formulate a testable statement. Plausible explanation for your observation

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9
Q

Design an Experiment

A

Hypothesis is tested by experimentation

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10
Q

Controlled Experiment

A

Control Group: subjects treated like an experimental group except they are not subjected to one particular variable. Standard against which results of an experiment are checked.

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11
Q

Experiments (Test) Group

A

Subjects in an experiment that are subjected to some type of variation that does not occur for he control group

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12
Q

Collect Data

A

Mathematical data is preferred. Why? It is unbiased

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13
Q

Conclusions

A

Results are analyzed. Hypothesis is supported or rejected

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14
Q

Theory Formation

A

Concepts that tell us about the order and the patterns within the natural world. Describes things of which are most certain

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15
Q

Sources of Scientific Information

A
  1. Orignial Journal Article

2. Peer Reviewed Journals

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16
Q

Internet Sources

A
  1. .org - non profit
  2. .gov - governmental
  3. .edu - education institution
  4. .com- commercial
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17
Q

Human Body

A
  1. Composed of at least 7 octillion atoms

2. 7 followed by 27 zeros

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18
Q

Accounst for over 90% of the human body

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen:

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19
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has a mass and take up space

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20
Q

Elements

A

Basic building blocks of matter

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21
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter that can’t be broken down by normal chemical or physical means

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22
Q

Atomic Symbol

A

Shorthand method for representing an element

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23
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons an atom contains

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24
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Sum of number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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25
Q

Electrically Neutral

A

of positive charges = # negative charges

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26
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged subatomic particle -found in the nucleus

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27
Q

Neutron

A

Subatomic particle with no charge -found in the nucleus

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28
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle - orbits the nucleus

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29
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of same element with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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30
Q

Molecule

A
  1. Forms when 3 or more atoms join together

2. Can be made of the same atom or different atoms

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31
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Energy relationship between electrons. Electrons orbit nucleus in shells.

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32
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms most stable with 8 electrons in outer shell.
Atoms interact to possess 8 electrons in outer shell.
EXCEPTION: Hydrogen (only 1 shell)
Full with only 2 electrons

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33
Q

Ionic Bonds

A
  1. Atoms donate or accept electrons to obey Octet Rule.
  2. Gain or loss of electrons: produces charged atom(ION)
  3. Positively charged Ions: Cations
  4. Negatively charged ions: Anions
  5. Ions of opposite charge are attracted to each other
34
Q

Covalent Bonds

A
  1. Atoms share electrons to obey Octet Rule.
  2. Strong bonds.
  3. Represented by solid lines.
35
Q

Electronegativity

A

Ability of atoms to attract electrons in a bond with another atom

36
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A
  1. Electrons shared equally between atoms.

2. No partial charges develop atoms

37
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A
  1. Seperation of charges.
  2. Electrons are not shared equally
  3. One atom “tugs” electrons closer to its nucleus:
    Partial Negative charge develops.
  4. Atom with electrons “pulled” away from its nucleus:
    Develops a partial positive charge
38
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A
  1. A weak chemical attraction between a partially positive H atom of a polar molecule and a partially negative atom of another polar molecule
  2. Individually: weak bonds
  3. Large numbers within a molecule: add great stability
  4. Represented by dotted lines.
39
Q

Special Properties of Water: Solvent

A

Serves as the medium in which chemical reactions occur

40
Q

Special Properties of Water: High Surface Tension

A

Water molecules cling together

41
Q

Special Properties of Water: Ice Floats

A

Ice is less dense than liquid water

42
Q

Special Properties of Water: High Heat of Vaporization

A

Water resists evaporating

43
Q

Special Properties of Water: Liquid of High Tension

A

Most molecules of similar weight are gases at room T degrees

44
Q

Special Properties of Water: High Specific Heat

A

Water is able to absorb heat — without increasing much in temperature

45
Q

Acid

A

Releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

HCI -> H+ + Cl-

46
Q

pH Scale

A

pH measure of [H+] of a solution

pH value runs from 0 to 14

47
Q

pH of a outline can affect

A
  1. Shapes and functions of molecules
  2. Chemical reaction rates.
  3. Ability of molecules to bind together
  4. Ability of ions/ molecules to dissolve in water
  5. Acidic Solution
    pH < 7 [H+] > [OH-]
  6. Basic Solution
    pH > 7 [H+] < [OH-]
  7. Neutral Solution
    pH = 7 [H+] = [OH-]
48
Q

Salt

A

Forms when an acid and a base react

49
Q

Buffer

A

Prevents drastic changes in pH of body fluids.

50
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Composed of C atoms in the form of chains or rings and also contain H

51
Q

4 Organic Macromolecules of life:

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

52
Q

Carbon

A

Can form bonds with many other atoms
Can form strong stable bonds with other carbon atoms
Distance between C atoms is short
Shorter bonds more stable than longer bonds
C-C bonds stable over range of temperature associated with living things

53
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches

54
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A

Energy sources
Structural elements
Recognition sites on membrane surfaces
Contain C,H, and O in a ration of 1C:2H:1O

55
Q

Proteins

A

Composed of 20 commonly occurring amino acids
Amino Acid: Monomer
Polypeptide: Multiple amino acids joined together

56
Q

Functions of Proteins

A 
Structural elements 
Transport of molecule and ions
Enzymes
Defense of the body
Cell signaling 
Gene expression and regulation
57
Q

Levels of Protein Organization - 4 levels - Primary Structure

A

Linear sequence of amino acids (polypeptide)

Genetically determined

58
Q

Levels of Protein Organization - 4 levels - Secondary Structure

A

Folding or pleating of the primary structure

59
Q

Levels of Protein Organization - 4 levels - Tertiary Structue

A

Bending and folding of the secondary structure

60
Q

Levels of Protein Organization - 4 levels - Quaternary Structure

A

Association of multiple polypeptides

61
Q

Lipids

A

Fats and fat-like substances

Will not dissolve in water

62
Q

Functions of Lipids

A

Primary component of biological membranes
Hormones energy sources body contour
Insulation

63
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  1. DNA and RNA
  2. Building Blocks: Nucleotides
    5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base
    DNA: Storage of all information required for protein synthesis; repository of genetic information
    RNA: Transcription (copying) of code in DNA and translation of the code (protein synthesis)
64
Q

Cells range in size from

A

1 to 100 micrometers

65
Q

Average human cell

A

0.05 mm in diameter

66
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

As cells increase in size, cell volume increase at a higher rate than surface area.

67
Q

Larger cells have a smaller surface area

A

Limits nutrient, gas and was exchange

68
Q

Cell Theory

A

The cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are composed of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

69
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Most primitive cell type- No nucleus or membrane bound organelles

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
70
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Nucleus containing the genetic material (DNA). Have membrane-bound organelles.
-Protist, fungi, plants, and animals

71
Q

Eukarya

A

Cells have a nucleus

72
Q

Archaea

A

Cells lack nucleus
Have cell wall
Some live in extreme environments

73
Q

Bacteria

A

Most primitive cell
Cells lack nucleus
Have cell wall

74
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in populations of organisms over time

75
Q

Growth

A

Produces more or larger cells

76
Q

Development

A

Series of changes in state of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism

77
Q

Reproduction

A

Produces organisms with defined set of characteristics

78
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reaction occurring in cells

79
Q

Organisms acquire what from the environment?

A

Energy. Need energy to maintain stable internal environment. (ex. homeostasis)

80
Q

The Response to Stimuli

A

Organisms react to the environment

Animal Biology (3 decks)

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