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MICRB 410 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Robert Koch

A

Germ Theory of Disease

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1
Q

Edward Jenner

A

vaccine for smallpox

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2
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

rabies vaccine

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3
Q

Eli Methcnikoff

A

phagocytosis

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4
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

antibodies

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5
Q

innate immune system

A

nonspecific, anatomical, and physical barriers; prevent entry of microorganisms

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6
Q

adaptive immune system

A

developed during the lifetime of the individual; specific infection

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7
Q

Why the skin is prohibitive to microbes

A

dry; low pH of 5; not as warm as internal temp; microbes can’t break down keratin; sheds frequently; keratinocytes can make anti-microbial peptides

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8
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

cationic (+) and attracted to bacteria; disrupt membrane function by poking holes

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9
Q

defensins

A

small peptide; 6 key Cysteine residues form B-sheet structure; alpha-neutrophils, beta-epithelia, keratinocytes

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10
Q

cathelicidins

A

short peptide; attracted to the negative charge of LPS

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11
Q

polarized apical side

A

external

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12
Q

polarized basolateral side

A

internal

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13
Q

tight junctions

A

transmembrane proteins that mediate close contact between cells

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14
Q

2 loop stronger tight junctions

A

occludins; claudin

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15
Q

1 junction weaker tight junctions

A

JAM; CAR

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16
Q

ZO-1

A

attaches tight junctions to the actin cytoskeleton

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17
Q

mucins

A

long linear structure comprised of tandem repeats, Serine and Theronine rich with some Cysteine

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18
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucins

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19
Q

O-glycans

A

Makes a branched network for the mucins

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20
Q

Zymogens

A

Must be cleaved to be active; factor B

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21
Q

complement system

A

composed of a large number of plasma proteins working together to destroy bacteria

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22
Q

classical pathway

A

activated by the presence of antibodies bound to the microbe

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23
Q

lectin pathway

A

activated when a host serum protein binds to microbial sugars

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24
Q

alternative pathway

A

ptoteins bind directly to normal cell wall or surface components

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25
Q

C3 and Factor B

A

binds to make C3(H2)B

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26
Q

C3 and Factor D

A

cleaves factor B to make C3(H2O)Bb

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27
Q

C3 convertase (alternative)

A

C34(H2O)Bb; cleaves C3 into C3A and C3B

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28
Q

C3b

A

binds to any amino or hydroxyl bond found on surface of MANY cells; recognized by phagocytic cells

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29
Q

properdin

A

low-levels in healthy individuals; stabilizes C3b complex

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30
Q

decay-accelerating factor (DAF)

A

found on most human cells; competes with factor B so it can’t bind to C3

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31
Q

membrane cofactor of proteolysis (MCP)

A

works with Factor I to cleave C3b off cell surface

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32
Q

opsonization

A

marking a pathogen for ingestion and destruction

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33
Q

C5 convertase (alternative)

A

(C3b)2Bb

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34
Q

C3bBb

A

starts chain reaction that coats the outside of the pathogen with C3

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35
Q

C3a

A

chemokine that lets the neutrophils know where the site of infection is; induces blood vessel constriction; affects endothelial cells to make room for diffusion

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36
Q

C5

A

attaches to (C3b)2Bb and is cleaved into C5a and C5b

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37
Q

C5b

A

perpetuates complement pathway; binds to C6 and C7

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38
Q

C5a

A

same as C3a; the most potent mediator; binds to endothelial cells to pluck neutrophils out; upregulates complementary receptors on neutrophils

39
Q

C6 and C7

A

bind to C5b

40
Q

C5b67

A

complex binds to membrane

41
Q

C8

A

binds to C5b67 complex and inserts into cell membrane

42
Q

C9

A

molecules bind to the C5b678 complex and forms a pore

43
Q

Membrane Attack Complex

A

forms a pore consisting of 10-16 C9 molecules and disrupts selectively permeable membrane

44
Q

S protein clusterin and Factor J

A

both interfere with C5b67 complex

45
Q

CD59

A

prevents C9 from binding

46
Q

reticuloendothelial system

A

network of fibers in the basal lamina and interconnects adjacent cells to underlying ground tissue surrounding all organs

47
Q

common lymphoid progenitor

A

acquired immune system and NK cells

48
Q

common myeloid progenitor

A

granulocytes, platelets, RBC

49
Q

bone marrow

A

where blood cells are produced; central bones and skull in an adult

50
Q

Where are B-cells produced?

A

bone marrow

51
Q

Where are T-cells produced?

A

thymus

52
Q

thymus

A

produces T-cells and changes in size as aging

53
Q

lymph node

A

prime site for dendritic cells; antigens passed onto B and T-cells

54
Q

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

secondary lymphoid organ

55
Q

spleen

A

filter for the blood

56
Q

monocyte

A

only found in the blood; after finding a tissue, they mature into a macrophage

57
Q

macrophage

A

see infection first; multiple rounds of phagocytosis

58
Q

What is puss?

A

dead neutrophils

59
Q

pathogen associated molecular patterns

A

found on bacteria and viruses

60
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

family of 10; single-passage transmembrane protein; extracellular region recognizes flagellin; Leucine-rich repeat domains

61
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

similar to Toll-like but have centrally located nucleotide binding oligomerization domain; bound to caspase recruitment domain

62
Q

cytokine

A

autocrine or paracrine signaling; IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6

63
Q

chemokine

A

chemical attractants

64
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation 1

A

selectin binds the neutrophils’ sialyl-Lewis group; rolling adhesion

65
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation 2

A

ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 bind to LFA-1 on WBC; CXCL8 binds to CXR-1 and 2 and allows a stronger bond to LFA-1

66
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation 3

A

LFA-1 interacts with PECAM and pulls the neutrophil through

67
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation 4

A

movement through basement membrane; produces metaloproteases to eat through

68
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation 5

A

CXCL8 acts as bread crumbs for other neutrophils to follow

69
Q

N-formyl-Met receptor

A

on neutrophils to detect bacteria

70
Q

primary granules of neutrophils

A

myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, defensins, proteases

71
Q

secondary granules of neutrophils

A

lactoferin (chelates iron), components for NADPH Oxidase

72
Q

lactoferin

A

chelates iron

73
Q

NADPH Oxidase

A

multiprotein complex that produces reactive oxygen species

74
Q

tertiary granules of neutrophils

A

gelatinase

75
Q

what is the trigger for the cytosolic copmonent of NADPH Oxidase

A

C5A and signaling through formyl-Met receptor

76
Q

respiratory burst

A

increase of oxygen in cell to make reactive oxygen species

77
Q

catalase

A

produced to neutralize the reactive oxygen species

78
Q

netosis

A

programmed cell death for neutrophil; nucleus swells, chromatin fragmented and expelled in a net, histones attract antimicrobial peptides and proteases

79
Q

endogenous pyrogens

A

IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1B; raise body temperature by producing prostaglandin E2

80
Q

prostaglandin E2

A

affects hypothalmus, increase temp., vasoconstriction, decrease heat loss through skin

81
Q

acute phase response

A

changes protein profile in liver hepatocytes

82
Q

surfactant proteins A and D

A

help recognize foreign cells by coating surface

83
Q

serum amyloid A

A

recruitment of neutrophils

84
Q

Mannose-binding lectin

A

recognize mannose conformations that are not native to us

85
Q

oligomerized unit

A

monomers have a collagen-like domain and a globular lectin domain; form trimers then oligomers (2-6 trimers)

86
Q

MASP2

A

activated once the unit oligomerizes; cleaves C4 and C2

87
Q

C3 convertase (lectin)

A

C4bC2a

88
Q

C5 convertase (lectin)

A

C4bC2aC3

89
Q

C4a

A

inflammatory cytokine

90
Q

ficolin

A

initiate lectin pathway; fibrinegin-like domain and collagen-like domain

91
Q

fibrinegin-like domain of ficolin

A

binds acetylated sugars within lipoteichoic acid

92
Q

three things out of compliment response

A

inflammatory response, opsonization, pore (membrane attack complex)

93
Q

C reactive protein

A

looks like an anti-body (IgM); binds to phosphocholine in LPS

94
Q

C1q

A

activates C1r

95
Q

C1r

A

activates C1s

96
Q

C1s

A

cleaves C4 and C2

MICRB 410 (5 decks)

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