Test 1 Flashcards
Radiation
A form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles.
X-Radiation
A high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube.
X-ray
A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film or digital sensors
Radiology
The science or study of radiation used in medicine.
Radiograph
A 2D representation of a 3D object.
Dental radiograph
A photographic image produced on an image receptor by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures.
Radiography
The art and science of making radiographs by the exporsure of film to x-rays.
Dental radiography
The production of radiographs of the teeth and adjacent structures by exposure of an image receptor to x-rays.
Dental radiographer
Any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors.
Most important use of radiographs
Detection
Who discovered the x-ray
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
When was the x-ray discovered
November 8th, 1895
Cathods
Streams of electrons
First human body x-ray was of..
Roentgens wifes hand, exposed for 15 minutes.
“x” in x-ray stands for?
unknown
First dental radiograph
Otto Walkhoff exposed himself for 25 minutes, placed glass photographic plate wrapped in black paper and rubber in his mouth in 1895.
Firt dental x-ray unit
William H. Rollins developed the first dental x-ray unit.
Bite-wing technique is..
Used to examine the interproximal surfaces of teeth.
Bite-wing image includes..
Crowns of the mazillary and mandibula teeth, interproximal areas and areas of the crestal bone on the same image.
What are bite-wing images used for..
detext interproximal caries, and early carious lesions. Examining the crestal bone
Interproximal
Between two adjacent teeth.
Interproximal examination
Intraoral examination used to inspect the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image.
Bite-wing receptor
Type of receptor used in interproximal examination. The bite wing receptor has a “wing” the patient bites onto to stablize the receptor
Alveolar bone
Bone that supports and encases the roots of the teeth.
Crestal bone
Coronal portion of alveolar bone found between teeth, also known as the “alveolar crest bone”
Contact areas
The area of a tooth that touches an adjacent tooth.
Horizontal bite-wing
The bite win receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direction.
Opened contacts
On a dental image, opened contacts appear as thin radiolucent lines between adjacent tooth surfaces.
Overlapped contacts
On dental image, the area where the contact area of one tooth is superimposed over the contact area of an adjacent tooth.
Vertical bite-wing
The bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction.
Principles of bite-wing technique
- Receptor placed in mouth parallel to the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth.
- The receptor is stabilized when the patient bites on the bite-wing tab.
- The central ray of the x-ray beam is directed through the contacts of teeth, using a vertical angulation of 10+
Size 0
Used to examine posterior teeth of children wih primary dentitions. Always placed horizontally.
Size 2
Used to examin posterior teeth in adults, either vertically or horizontally.
Size 3
Longer and narrower than the standard size 2. Used only for bite-wing exposures, Not recommended due to overlap.
Angulation
Term used to describe the alignment of the central ray.
Exposure sequence
A definite order for receptor placements and exposure.
Edentulous spaces
An area where teeth are no longer present. Must use a cotton ball to stablize receptor.
Torus
Bony growth in oral cavity.
Mandibular tori
Bony growths along the lingual aspect of mandible.
Matter
Anything that occupies space.
Energy
When matter is altered.
Atom
Fundamental unit of matter.
Nucleus
Dense core of an atom.
Protons
Positive electrical charges.
Neutron
No electrical charge.
Atomis weight / Mass number
Equal the number of protons and neutrons.
Electrostatic force
Attraction between positive and negative electrons
Binding energy
Binding force of an electron.
Molecules
Tiny invisible particle.
Neutral atom
contains equal number of protons and electrons.
Ion
When an atoms gains or loses an electrons it becomes unbalanced.
Radiation
Emission and propagation of energy through space or substance in the form of waves or particles.
Radioactivity
The process which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintergration.
In dentistry we use
Radiation, NOT radioactivity,
Beta particles
Fast moving electrons emitted from nuvleus of radioactive atoms.
Cathode rays
Streams of high-speef electrons that originiate in an x-ray tube.
Alpha particles
Emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals and exist as two protons and neutrons without electrons.
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic radiations are arranged according to their energies.
Long wavelength
Low frequency
Short wavelength
High frequency
Tube head
tightly sealed, heavy metal housing thayt contains the xray tube that prodiced dental x-rays.
Metal housing
metal body of tube head.
Insulating oil
Surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers inside the tube head to prevent overheating.
Tubehead seal
permits the exit of xrays from the rube head. seals oil.
X-ray tube
heart of the x-ray generating system.
Transformer
alters voltage or incoming electricity.
Aluminum disks
placed in path of x-ray beam to filer out the nonpenetrating, longer wavelength x-rays.
Lead collimator
Central hole that fits directly over the opening of the metal housing where x-rays exit.
PID
Position-idicating device, open ended lead cylinder that extends from the opening of the metal housing of the tube head.
Cathode
negative electrode.
Anode
Positive electrode.
Amperage
measurment of the number of electrons moving through a conductor.
Scatter
often used to describ x-radiation.
Primary radiation
refers to penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode.
Secondary radiation
refers to x-radiation created when primary beam interact with matter.
Scatter radiation
Form of secondary radiation and is the resulf of an x-ray that has been deflected from its path by interaction with matter.
Absorption
refers to the total transfer of energy from the xray photon to the atoms of matter through which the xray beam passes.
Parallel
Moving or lying in the same plane.
Intersecting
To cut across or through
Perpendicular
Intersecting at or forming a right angle
Right angle
An angle of 90 degrees
Long axis of the tooth
line that divides the tooth longitudinally into two equal halves
Central ray
The central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation.
