Test 1 Flashcards
_____ is used during aerobic respiration to produce ATP
O2
All living cells of the body require ___ and produce ____
Oxygen (O2) / carbon dioxide (CO2)
The breakdown of glucose in the presence of O2 occurs during ___ respiration.
Aerobic
____ is the energy source of cells
ATP
Aerobic respiration makes ___ to ___ molecules of ATP
36 to 38
____ Is produced during respiration; combined with body water to form carbonic acid
CO2
Carbonic acid helps maintain blood ___
pH
The ____ system allows exchange of gases between air and blood
Respiratory
The ____ system transports/ carries gases between the lungs and the cells of the body
Cardiovascular
The entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body
Respiration
Movement of air in and out of the lungs, commonly known as breathing or ventilation
Respiration
The exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood is called ___ respiration
External
The exchange of gases between the blood and body cells is called ___ respiration
Internal
Oxygen utilization and production of carbon dioxide by the body cells is called ____ respiration
Cellular
The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are all organs found in the _____ system
Respiratory
Organs of the head and neck (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx) are part of the ____ respiratory tract
Upper
Organs of the thorax (larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs) are part of the ____ respiratory tract
Lower
This facial structure is covered by skin, and is supported internally by muscle, bone and cartilage
Nose
The ____ contains hairs that prevent entry of large particles carried in the air
Nose
The hollow space behind the nose is known as the ____ ____.
Nasal cavity
The ___ cavity extends from external nares (nostrils) to internal nares (choanae).
Nasal
This cavity is lined with mucous membranes rich in mucous secreting goblet cells
Nasal cavity
This structures: warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air, detects odors
Nasal cavity
This structure produces mucous that entraps dust and other small particles entering with air
Nasal cavity
The mucous membrane of this structure helps prevent respiratory infections
Nasal cavity
The adverse effects that cigarettes have on the respiratory system are loss of ____ and cleansing of ____
Cilia / mucous
These air filled spaces located within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull
Sinuses
____ open into the nasal cavity and also lined with mucous membrane
Sinuses
T or F. Mucous is also secreted from the sinuses
True
The functions of this structure include: reduction of the skull weight and they serve as a resonate chamber that affects the quality of the voice
Sinuses
also called the throat; located posterior to the oral cavity, between the larynx and nasal cavity
Pharynx
This structure has 3 subdivisions: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
Pharynx
T or F. The pharynx Aids in producing the sound of speech
True
T or F. The larynx is the passageway for both air and food
False. The pharynx is the passageway for both air and food
T or F. The nasal cavity is also known as the voice box
False. The larynx is the voice box
It’s primary function is to prevent food and drink from entering the air passage
Larynx
The ____ is the most superior part of the larynx. It projects as a free flap towards the tongue
Epiglottis
During ____, the opening into the larynx is covered by the epiglottis
Swallowing
This structure directs food and drink into the esophagus
Larynx
The ____ is attached to thyroid cartilage, which is the largest of laryngeal cartilage
Larynx
This structure consists of 9 cartilages
Larynx
The ____ is the only larynx cartilage that is elastic, not hyaline cartilage
Epiglottis
The epiglottis, cricoid, and the thyroid are unpaired cartilages found in the ____
Larynx
The ____ Or “Adam’s apple” which is more prominent in men than women are cartilage found in the ___
Thyroid / larynx
The arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform are paired cartilages found in the ____
Larynx
The intrinsic muscle and extrinsic muscles are associated with the ___
Larynx
These muscles operate the vocal cords
Intrinsic
The ___ muscles connect the larynx to the hyoid bone and elevate the larynx during swallowing
Extrinsic
T or F. The interior wall of the larynx has four folds or ligaments
False. It has 2.
T or F. The vestibular fold is superior and also called false vocal cords
True
This structure plays a role in speech and closes the glottis during swallowing
Vestibular folds
T or F. The inferior folds are called the vocal cord folds or true vocal cords
True
This structure produces sound when air passes between them
Inferior folds/ vocal cord folds/ true vocal cords
An inflammation of this structure is called laryngitis
Larynx
The ___ is also known as the windpipe
Trachea
It is a flexible cylindrical tube
Trachea
Within the trachea wall are ___ to ___ C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, some which you can palpate between your larynx and sternum
16 to 20
The open ends of hyaline cartilage face posteriorly and the gaps between their ends are filled with ____ muscle and ____ tissue
Smooth / connective
The smooth muscle in the trachea is called ___
Trachealis
The mucous membrane lining the trachea consists of __________ ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblets
Pseudostratified
The cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from _____ and ____ the airway
Collapsing and blocking
Blocking of the trachea can cause ____ and can lead to death
Asphyxiation
Asphyxiation can lead to death if not corrected by a process called ____
Tracheostomy
At the inferior end, the trachea divides to form two small tubes called the left and right ____ ____.
Primary bronchus
The bronchial tree consists of branched airways extending from the primary bronchus to _____ ____ numbering about 65k and finally to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs called _____
Terminal bronchioles / alveoli
Alveoli walls are composed of ____ ___ epithelium
Simple squamous
A short distance after entering the helium, the primary bronchus divides into ____ bronchi; with ____ secondary bronchi in the Right lung and ____ secondary bronchi in the left lung
Secondary bronchi / 3 / 2
Each lobe of the lung has or is supplied by a ____ bronchus
Secondary
Each secondary bronchus divides into tertiary bronchi. There are ____ tertiary bronchi in the right and ____ tertiary bronchi in the left lung.
10 / 8
The division after tertiary bronchi are the ____, which divides into __ to ___ terminal bronchioles.
Bronchioles / 50 to 80
The terminal bronchiole have ___ but they lack ___ cells
Cilia / goblet
Each terminal bronchiole divides into two or more _____ bronchioles
Respiratory
Respiratory bronchioles divide into 2 to 10 elongated thin walled passages called ___ ____.
Alveolar ducts
The alveolar ducts finally end in ____ ___, which are grape like clusters of alveoli which never 150 million in each human lung
Alveolar sac
The ___ are the sites where gas exchanges between the air in the lungs and blood take place
Alveoli
The wall of the ____ consists of different cells such as squamous alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages
Alveolus
The principal organs of respiration and are ping the largest organs of the body
Lungs
They are conical shaped with base side resting on the diaphragm and the apex extends superiority to the clavicle
Lungs
The ___ receives the bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves through it’s hilium
Lungs
The left lung is a little smaller than the right and has an indentation called ____ ___.
Cardiac impression
The right lung weighs about ___g where the left weighs about ___ g
620g / 560g
Serous membranes that cover the surface of the lungs
Pleura
Lung expansion in response to movement of the diaphragm and the chest wall, depends on the movements of the ___ ____.
Pleural membranes
The two pleural membranes are the _____ pleura and the ____ pleura
Visceral and parietal
the _____ pleural attaches to the surface of each lung
Visceral
At the hilium, ____ pleura turns back on itself and forms the ___ pleura
Visceral / parietal
A thin space filled with _____ fluid separates the two pleural membranes
Serous
The _____ membranes help to expand the lungs in all directions
Pleural
Muscles for ____ are the diaphragm, external intercostal, pectoralis minor, scalenes, and the sternocleisomastoid.
Inspiration (inhale)
Muscles for _____ are the abdomen and intercostal.
Expiration (exhale)
T or F. A resting adult breathes 10-16 times per min, inhaling about 500 ml, and exhaling the same volume of air
True
T or F. Normal air pressure equals 760 mm of mercury (mmHg)
True
Inhale or exhale: Air flows into the lungs when thoracic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure
Inhale
Inhale or exhale: air is forced out when thoracic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure
Exhale
The _____ does most of the work during respiration
Diaphragm
The ____ is located just inferior to the lungs
Diaphragm
This structure is dome shaped at rest, but when stimulated by the phrenic nerve, it moves down and the thoracic cavity enlarges
Diaphragm
The intra alveolar pressure falls about 2 mmHg below atmospheric pressure. This decreased pressure causes air to be forced ___ the airways
Into
While the diaphragm is ____ and moving downward, the external intercostal muscle and certain thoracic muscles may be stimulated
Contracting
Contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the _____ cavity even more
Thoracic
Dimension of thoracic cavity is also known as _____
Size
The pleural membranes help to ____ the lungs
Expand
Certain alveolar cells synthesize a mixture of lipoproteins called ____
Surfactant
Surfactant secreted Into the alveolar air space reduces the alveoli tendency to ____
Collapse
A measure of the ease with which the lungs can expand as a result of pressure changes that occur during breathing
Compliance
In a normal lung, compliance ____ as lung volume increases
Decreases
Conditions that obstruct air passages, destroys lung tissue, or impedes lung expansion decrease ____
Compliance
Inspiration requires a muscular effort and therefore an expenditure of ____ and calories
ATP
One inspiration plus an expiration is called a _____ cycle
Respiratory
Measures the amount of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle
Tidal volume (TV)
During a resting inspiration or expiration, the TV is about ____
500ml
The amount if air inhaled per minute is called the ____ ____ or minute respiratory volume (MRV)
Minute ventilation (MV)
MV largely determines ______ ventilation rate
Alveolar
T or F. normal expiration during quiet breathing is an energy saving passive process that requires little muscular contraction
True
____ is achieved by elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage, that is the tendency to return to their original states when released by tension
Expiration
T or F. In relaxed breathing, inspiration usually lasts about 2 secs and expiration about 3 secs
True
The process of measuring volumes of air is called ____, which describes 4 respiratory volumes
Spirometery
The device used to measure the pulmonary volumes of air is called ____
Spirometer
It’s is the volume in addition to Tidal Volume that enters lungs during forces inspiration. It measures about 3000ml
Inspiration reserve volume (IRV)
It is the volume in addition to tidal volume that leaves lungs during forced expiration. It measures about 1600ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
It is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after most forceful expiration. It measures about 1200ml
Residual volume (RV)
T or F. RV remains in the lungs all the time and prevents o2 and co2 concentrations in the lungs from fluctuating greatly with each breath
True
It is the sum of IRV, TV, and ERV. It is maximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration. It’s about 4600ml
Vital capacity (VC)
It is TV + IRV, which is the amount of air that a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. It is about 3500ml
Inspiration capacity (IC)
It is ERV+RV, which is the amount of air that a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. It is about 2300ml
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
It is VC+ RV or IRV + ERV + TV+ RV. It is about 5800ml
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Once o2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the blood, most if it (98.5%) combines with hemoglobin to form a compound called _______
Oxyhemoglobin
O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by a process called _____
Osmosis
______ transports o2 from the lung capillaries through the blood vessels to tissue capillaries, where some o2 is released
Hemoglobin
The o2 diffuses from the blood tissue cells, where it is used in ______ respiration
Aerobic
Cells produce ___ during aerobic metabolism and Co2 diffuses from cells into the tissue capillaries
CO2
Once CO2 enters the blood, it is transported, dissolved in the plasma, in combination with hemoglobin and in the form of _______ ions
Bicarbonate
The PO2 determines the amount of o2 that combines with ____
Hemoglobin
The ____ the PO2, the more o2 that combines with hemoglobin
Higher
As po2 decreases, o2 is released from _____ molecules and this takes place in tissues where cells have used o2 in respiration
Oxyhemoglobin
____ in PCO2, acidity, and temp also lead to increase release of o2 from oxyhemoglobin
Increase
Carbonic acid, carbamino compound, and dissolved gas are forms of ____ transport
Co2
The most important co2 transport mechanism involves the formation of bicarbonate ions ___
Hco3
Co2 combines with H20 to form carbonic acid and the reaction is sped up by an enzyme called ____ ___ synthesized by Red blood cells
Carbonic anhydrase
T or F. The carbonic acid produced, disassociates almost immediately, releasing H+ and HCO3
True
About ____ co2 is transported in the form of HCO3-
70%
About 15-25% of co2 bonds with the amino (-NH3) groups of the hemoglobin to form _______
Carbaminohemoglobin
Co2 does not compete with o2 because they bind to _____ at different sites
Hemoglobin
____ bonds to hememoiety and ___ binds to blood protein
O2 / co2
The remaining ____% of co2 is carried in blood as dissolved ___
7% / gas
The amount of co2 that dissolves in plasma is determined by _____
Pco2
T or F. The higher the PCO2 of the tissue, the more co2 will go into a solution
True
T or F. The max ventilation rate drops about 50% from the ages 20-70
True
The vital capacity drops to about___ by the age of 70yrs because of a decreased ability to fill the lungs
33%
Gas exchange across the respiratory membrane is reduced as we get older because part of the alveolar wall is ___, which decreases the surface area available for gas exchange
Lost
T or F. Decrease diffusion of gases within the alveolar walls happens when we become older
True
T or F. The VC, MVR and gas exchange are decreased with age
True
