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Biology 240 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

_____ is used during aerobic respiration to produce ATP

A

O2

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1
Q

All living cells of the body require ___ and produce ____

A

Oxygen (O2) / carbon dioxide (CO2)

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2
Q

The breakdown of glucose in the presence of O2 occurs during ___ respiration.

A

Aerobic

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3
Q

____ is the energy source of cells

A

ATP

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4
Q

Aerobic respiration makes ___ to ___ molecules of ATP

A

36 to 38

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5
Q

____ Is produced during respiration; combined with body water to form carbonic acid

A

CO2

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6
Q

Carbonic acid helps maintain blood ___

A

pH

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7
Q

The ____ system allows exchange of gases between air and blood

A

Respiratory

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8
Q

The ____ system transports/ carries gases between the lungs and the cells of the body

A

Cardiovascular

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9
Q

The entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body

A

Respiration

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10
Q

Movement of air in and out of the lungs, commonly known as breathing or ventilation

A

Respiration

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11
Q

The exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood is called ___ respiration

A

External

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12
Q

The exchange of gases between the blood and body cells is called ___ respiration

A

Internal

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13
Q

Oxygen utilization and production of carbon dioxide by the body cells is called ____ respiration

A

Cellular

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14
Q

The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are all organs found in the _____ system

A

Respiratory

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15
Q

Organs of the head and neck (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx) are part of the ____ respiratory tract

A

Upper

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16
Q

Organs of the thorax (larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs) are part of the ____ respiratory tract

A

Lower

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17
Q

This facial structure is covered by skin, and is supported internally by muscle, bone and cartilage

A

Nose

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18
Q

The ____ contains hairs that prevent entry of large particles carried in the air

A

Nose

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19
Q

The hollow space behind the nose is known as the ____ ____.

A

Nasal cavity

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20
Q

The ___ cavity extends from external nares (nostrils) to internal nares (choanae).

A

Nasal

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21
Q

This cavity is lined with mucous membranes rich in mucous secreting goblet cells

A

Nasal cavity

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22
Q

This structures: warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air, detects odors

A

Nasal cavity

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23
Q

This structure produces mucous that entraps dust and other small particles entering with air

A

Nasal cavity

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24
Q

The mucous membrane of this structure helps prevent respiratory infections

A

Nasal cavity

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25
Q

The adverse effects that cigarettes have on the respiratory system are loss of ____ and cleansing of ____

A

Cilia / mucous

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26
Q

These air filled spaces located within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull

A

Sinuses

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27
Q

____ open into the nasal cavity and also lined with mucous membrane

A

Sinuses

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28
Q

T or F. Mucous is also secreted from the sinuses

A

True

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29
Q

The functions of this structure include: reduction of the skull weight and they serve as a resonate chamber that affects the quality of the voice

A

Sinuses

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30
Q

also called the throat; located posterior to the oral cavity, between the larynx and nasal cavity

A

Pharynx

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31
Q

This structure has 3 subdivisions: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx

A

Pharynx

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32
Q

T or F. The pharynx Aids in producing the sound of speech

A

True

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33
Q

T or F. The larynx is the passageway for both air and food

A

False. The pharynx is the passageway for both air and food

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34
Q

T or F. The nasal cavity is also known as the voice box

A

False. The larynx is the voice box

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35
Q

It’s primary function is to prevent food and drink from entering the air passage

A

Larynx

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36
Q

The ____ is the most superior part of the larynx. It projects as a free flap towards the tongue

A

Epiglottis

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37
Q

During ____, the opening into the larynx is covered by the epiglottis

A

Swallowing

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38
Q

This structure directs food and drink into the esophagus

A

Larynx

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39
Q

The ____ is attached to thyroid cartilage, which is the largest of laryngeal cartilage

A

Larynx

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40
Q

This structure consists of 9 cartilages

A

Larynx

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41
Q

The ____ is the only larynx cartilage that is elastic, not hyaline cartilage

A

Epiglottis

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42
Q

The epiglottis, cricoid, and the thyroid are unpaired cartilages found in the ____

A

Larynx

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43
Q

The ____ Or “Adam’s apple” which is more prominent in men than women are cartilage found in the ___

A

Thyroid / larynx

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44
Q

The arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform are paired cartilages found in the ____

A

Larynx

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45
Q

The intrinsic muscle and extrinsic muscles are associated with the ___

A

Larynx

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46
Q

These muscles operate the vocal cords

A

Intrinsic

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47
Q

The ___ muscles connect the larynx to the hyoid bone and elevate the larynx during swallowing

A

Extrinsic

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48
Q

T or F. The interior wall of the larynx has four folds or ligaments

A

False. It has 2.

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49
Q

T or F. The vestibular fold is superior and also called false vocal cords

A

True

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50
Q

This structure plays a role in speech and closes the glottis during swallowing

A

Vestibular folds

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51
Q

T or F. The inferior folds are called the vocal cord folds or true vocal cords

A

True

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52
Q

This structure produces sound when air passes between them

A

Inferior folds/ vocal cord folds/ true vocal cords

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53
Q

An inflammation of this structure is called laryngitis

A

Larynx

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54
Q

The ___ is also known as the windpipe

A

Trachea

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55
Q

It is a flexible cylindrical tube

A

Trachea

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56
Q

Within the trachea wall are ___ to ___ C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, some which you can palpate between your larynx and sternum

A

16 to 20

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57
Q

The open ends of hyaline cartilage face posteriorly and the gaps between their ends are filled with ____ muscle and ____ tissue

A

Smooth / connective

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58
Q

The smooth muscle in the trachea is called ___

A

Trachealis

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59
Q

The mucous membrane lining the trachea consists of __________ ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblets

A

Pseudostratified

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60
Q

The cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from _____ and ____ the airway

A

Collapsing and blocking

61
Q

Blocking of the trachea can cause ____ and can lead to death

A

Asphyxiation

62
Q

Asphyxiation can lead to death if not corrected by a process called ____

A

Tracheostomy

63
Q

At the inferior end, the trachea divides to form two small tubes called the left and right ____ ____.

A

Primary bronchus

64
Q

The bronchial tree consists of branched airways extending from the primary bronchus to _____ ____ numbering about 65k and finally to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs called _____

A

Terminal bronchioles / alveoli

65
Q

Alveoli walls are composed of ____ ___ epithelium

A

Simple squamous

66
Q

A short distance after entering the helium, the primary bronchus divides into ____ bronchi; with ____ secondary bronchi in the Right lung and ____ secondary bronchi in the left lung

A

Secondary bronchi / 3 / 2

67
Q

Each lobe of the lung has or is supplied by a ____ bronchus

A

Secondary

68
Q

Each secondary bronchus divides into tertiary bronchi. There are ____ tertiary bronchi in the right and ____ tertiary bronchi in the left lung.

A

10 / 8

69
Q

The division after tertiary bronchi are the ____, which divides into __ to ___ terminal bronchioles.

A

Bronchioles / 50 to 80

70
Q

The terminal bronchiole have ___ but they lack ___ cells

A

Cilia / goblet

71
Q

Each terminal bronchiole divides into two or more _____ bronchioles

A

Respiratory

72
Q

Respiratory bronchioles divide into 2 to 10 elongated thin walled passages called ___ ____.

A

Alveolar ducts

73
Q

The alveolar ducts finally end in ____ ___, which are grape like clusters of alveoli which never 150 million in each human lung

A

Alveolar sac

74
Q

The ___ are the sites where gas exchanges between the air in the lungs and blood take place

A

Alveoli

75
Q

The wall of the ____ consists of different cells such as squamous alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages

A

Alveolus

76
Q

The principal organs of respiration and are ping the largest organs of the body

A

Lungs

77
Q

They are conical shaped with base side resting on the diaphragm and the apex extends superiority to the clavicle

A

Lungs

78
Q

The ___ receives the bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves through it’s hilium

A

Lungs

79
Q

The left lung is a little smaller than the right and has an indentation called ____ ___.

A

Cardiac impression

80
Q

The right lung weighs about ___g where the left weighs about ___ g

A

620g / 560g

81
Q

Serous membranes that cover the surface of the lungs

A

Pleura

82
Q

Lung expansion in response to movement of the diaphragm and the chest wall, depends on the movements of the ___ ____.

A

Pleural membranes

83
Q

The two pleural membranes are the _____ pleura and the ____ pleura

A

Visceral and parietal

84
Q

the _____ pleural attaches to the surface of each lung

A

Visceral

85
Q

At the hilium, ____ pleura turns back on itself and forms the ___ pleura

A

Visceral / parietal

86
Q

A thin space filled with _____ fluid separates the two pleural membranes

A

Serous

87
Q

The _____ membranes help to expand the lungs in all directions

A

Pleural

88
Q

Muscles for ____ are the diaphragm, external intercostal, pectoralis minor, scalenes, and the sternocleisomastoid.

A

Inspiration (inhale)

89
Q

Muscles for _____ are the abdomen and intercostal.

A

Expiration (exhale)

90
Q

T or F. A resting adult breathes 10-16 times per min, inhaling about 500 ml, and exhaling the same volume of air

A

True

91
Q

T or F. Normal air pressure equals 760 mm of mercury (mmHg)

A

True

92
Q

Inhale or exhale: Air flows into the lungs when thoracic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure

A

Inhale

93
Q

Inhale or exhale: air is forced out when thoracic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure

A

Exhale

94
Q

The _____ does most of the work during respiration

A

Diaphragm

95
Q

The ____ is located just inferior to the lungs

A

Diaphragm

96
Q

This structure is dome shaped at rest, but when stimulated by the phrenic nerve, it moves down and the thoracic cavity enlarges

A

Diaphragm

97
Q

The intra alveolar pressure falls about 2 mmHg below atmospheric pressure. This decreased pressure causes air to be forced ___ the airways

A

Into

98
Q

While the diaphragm is ____ and moving downward, the external intercostal muscle and certain thoracic muscles may be stimulated

A

Contracting

99
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the _____ cavity even more

A

Thoracic

100
Q

Dimension of thoracic cavity is also known as _____

A

Size

101
Q

The pleural membranes help to ____ the lungs

A

Expand

102
Q

Certain alveolar cells synthesize a mixture of lipoproteins called ____

A

Surfactant

103
Q

Surfactant secreted Into the alveolar air space reduces the alveoli tendency to ____

A

Collapse

104
Q

A measure of the ease with which the lungs can expand as a result of pressure changes that occur during breathing

A

Compliance

105
Q

In a normal lung, compliance ____ as lung volume increases

A

Decreases

106
Q

Conditions that obstruct air passages, destroys lung tissue, or impedes lung expansion decrease ____

A

Compliance

107
Q

Inspiration requires a muscular effort and therefore an expenditure of ____ and calories

A

ATP

108
Q

One inspiration plus an expiration is called a _____ cycle

A

Respiratory

109
Q

Measures the amount of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle

A

Tidal volume (TV)

110
Q

During a resting inspiration or expiration, the TV is about ____

A

500ml

111
Q

The amount if air inhaled per minute is called the ____ ____ or minute respiratory volume (MRV)

A

Minute ventilation (MV)

112
Q

MV largely determines ______ ventilation rate

A

Alveolar

113
Q

T or F. normal expiration during quiet breathing is an energy saving passive process that requires little muscular contraction

A

True

114
Q

____ is achieved by elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage, that is the tendency to return to their original states when released by tension

A

Expiration

115
Q

T or F. In relaxed breathing, inspiration usually lasts about 2 secs and expiration about 3 secs

A

True

116
Q

The process of measuring volumes of air is called ____, which describes 4 respiratory volumes

A

Spirometery

117
Q

The device used to measure the pulmonary volumes of air is called ____

A

Spirometer

118
Q

It’s is the volume in addition to Tidal Volume that enters lungs during forces inspiration. It measures about 3000ml

A

Inspiration reserve volume (IRV)

119
Q

It is the volume in addition to tidal volume that leaves lungs during forced expiration. It measures about 1600ml

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

120
Q

It is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after most forceful expiration. It measures about 1200ml

A

Residual volume (RV)

121
Q

T or F. RV remains in the lungs all the time and prevents o2 and co2 concentrations in the lungs from fluctuating greatly with each breath

A

True

122
Q

It is the sum of IRV, TV, and ERV. It is maximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration. It’s about 4600ml

A

Vital capacity (VC)

123
Q

It is TV + IRV, which is the amount of air that a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. It is about 3500ml

A

Inspiration capacity (IC)

124
Q

It is ERV+RV, which is the amount of air that a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration. It is about 2300ml

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

125
Q

It is VC+ RV or IRV + ERV + TV+ RV. It is about 5800ml

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

126
Q

Once o2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the blood, most if it (98.5%) combines with hemoglobin to form a compound called _______

A

Oxyhemoglobin

127
Q

O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by a process called _____

A

Osmosis

128
Q

______ transports o2 from the lung capillaries through the blood vessels to tissue capillaries, where some o2 is released

A

Hemoglobin

129
Q

The o2 diffuses from the blood tissue cells, where it is used in ______ respiration

A

Aerobic

130
Q

Cells produce ___ during aerobic metabolism and Co2 diffuses from cells into the tissue capillaries

A

CO2

131
Q

Once CO2 enters the blood, it is transported, dissolved in the plasma, in combination with hemoglobin and in the form of _______ ions

A

Bicarbonate

132
Q

The PO2 determines the amount of o2 that combines with ____

A

Hemoglobin

133
Q

The ____ the PO2, the more o2 that combines with hemoglobin

A

Higher

134
Q

As po2 decreases, o2 is released from _____ molecules and this takes place in tissues where cells have used o2 in respiration

A

Oxyhemoglobin

135
Q

____ in PCO2, acidity, and temp also lead to increase release of o2 from oxyhemoglobin

A

Increase

136
Q

Carbonic acid, carbamino compound, and dissolved gas are forms of ____ transport

A

Co2

137
Q

The most important co2 transport mechanism involves the formation of bicarbonate ions ___

A

Hco3

138
Q

Co2 combines with H20 to form carbonic acid and the reaction is sped up by an enzyme called ____ ___ synthesized by Red blood cells

A

Carbonic anhydrase

139
Q

T or F. The carbonic acid produced, disassociates almost immediately, releasing H+ and HCO3

A

True

140
Q

About ____ co2 is transported in the form of HCO3-

A

70%

141
Q

About 15-25% of co2 bonds with the amino (-NH3) groups of the hemoglobin to form _______

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

142
Q

Co2 does not compete with o2 because they bind to _____ at different sites

A

Hemoglobin

143
Q

____ bonds to hememoiety and ___ binds to blood protein

A

O2 / co2

144
Q

The remaining ____% of co2 is carried in blood as dissolved ___

A

7% / gas

145
Q

The amount of co2 that dissolves in plasma is determined by _____

A

Pco2

146
Q

T or F. The higher the PCO2 of the tissue, the more co2 will go into a solution

A

True

147
Q

T or F. The max ventilation rate drops about 50% from the ages 20-70

A

True

148
Q

The vital capacity drops to about___ by the age of 70yrs because of a decreased ability to fill the lungs

A

33%

149
Q

Gas exchange across the respiratory membrane is reduced as we get older because part of the alveolar wall is ___, which decreases the surface area available for gas exchange

A

Lost

150
Q

T or F. Decrease diffusion of gases within the alveolar walls happens when we become older

A

True

151
Q

T or F. The VC, MVR and gas exchange are decreased with age

A

True

Biology 240 (2 decks)

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