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History > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropoid

A

shaped like a person- used to put a body in

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2
Q

Anubis

A

God of Embalming (jackelhead) weighed heart

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3
Q

Canopic Jars

A

Period of the New Kingdom where viscera was placed in. Made of Lime stone. 4 Jars

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4
Q

Mestha (Imsety)

A

Human head protected the stomach and large intestines

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5
Q

Hapi

A

Dog head protected the small intestine

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6
Q

Tuamutef

A

Jackal head, protected the lungs and heart

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7
Q

Qebhsennuf

A

Hawk head, protected the liver and gall bladder

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8
Q

Circle of Necessity

A

Death cycle. Resuscitation of the body with the soul after 3,000 years.

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9
Q

Coffin

A

see notes

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10
Q

Natron

A

Equivalent to pickle juice. A sodium salt solution like brine to soak bodies in

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11
Q

Necropolis

A

City of the dead

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12
Q

Osiris

A

God of Dead. Ruler of the Underworld. Judged the dead.

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13
Q

Pagan

A

little or no religion or follows a polystheic religion (Romans)

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14
Q

Sarcophagus

A

Flesh eater

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15
Q

Hieroglyphic

A

Adjective- writing of symbols. aid and give power to the dead in afterlife

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16
Q

Basic right

A

throughout time. proper or decent burial of a dead human body

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17
Q

Humanitarianism

A

doctrine that man’s obligations are limited to and dependent alone on man and human relations

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18
Q

6 Elements of the body that joined to make a person could be reassembled in the body of the dead and resort the “person” so they could pass on to the Sun

A

1 The BA- soul or spirit
2 Yakhu- “shining one”. Soul transported to the sun
3 The name- identity of the deceased
4 The shadow- flesh and bones
5 The heart- intellect and emotions
6 The Ka- offerings to the dead.; prayers, jewels, etc.

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19
Q

Dry Burial

A

Bodies shrouded in coarse cloth, laid on charcoal beds under six feet of sand. NOT treated chemically. but allowed to dehydrate naturally.

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20
Q

Herodotus 484-424 BC

A

Father of Recorded History

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21
Q

Diodorus Siculus

A

wrote about the time of Christ

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22
Q

Step 1-Evisceration Process

A

Brain removed by injection of cedar oil into the brain case through the ear/nose. Brain softens and dissolves then used a hook shaped spoon to scrape out. Cranial cavity packed with bandages soaked in resin bitumen thru nostrils
Thoracic and and cavities entered throughout the left lumbar region with an incision with a black flint ceremonial knife “Ethiopian stone” and viscera removed, cleansed, and spiced. Heart stayed

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23
Q

Step 2- Vatting Process

A

Eviscerated shell immersed in natron for 70 days. Shell removed, cleansed, straightened and exposed to sun to induce dehydration

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24
Q

Step 3- Treatment of Viscera

A

During certain time periods the viscera was packed in spices, vinegar, perfumes, resins and returned to the body

During New Kingdom viscera was not returned but put into canonic jars

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25
Q

Step 4- Wrapping and Jeweling of body

A
  • Painters replaced missing fingernails and toenails with gold thimbles
  • Abd incision sutured and a metal/gold seal placed over incision. The plates were engraved with the “Eye of Osiris” so he would pass judgement
  • Body was spiced and jeweled then wrapped
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26
Q

Step 5- Encasement Procedure

A

3 outside enclosures 1-mummy case (wood) 2-rectangular box or large mummy case-wood. 3- sarcophagus of granite or cement

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27
Q

Middle grade embalming ( 10-15 %)

A
  • No evisceration but cavities injected with cedar oil.
  • Vatting in natron for 70 days. internal drainage of all cavities.
  • No wrapping,jewelling,encasing. shell returned to family to inter.
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28
Q

Lowest grade- poor (80%)

A

Pickled shell then dipped into a vat of hot bitumen or tar for 70 days. Black Mummies

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29
Q

Coffins

A

Desire to keep bodies from touching the earth common for Egyptians and African people.

  • Mats, animal skins
  • Reed baskets
  • Wooden or earthenware canisters
  • Sarcophagus
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30
Q

Animistic View

A

Soul of man, although separated at death form the body, hovered around the place of burial for its continued peace and happiness. It wanted things- if it didn’t get it would haunt you

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31
Q

Mystery Cults

A

philosophy of the concept of punishment and unhappiness for the evil. Joining with God in the afterlife and punished if not- would be unhappy
-Rejected cremation!

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32
Q

Epicurean influence

A

body and sould composed of atoms, simply disintegrated at death. you die and that’s it.

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33
Q

Influence of Christianity

A

set of beliefs on Christian view of death and buril.

1) Immortality of the soul that in the future would reunite with a risen body
2) Every human body was the temple of the holy spirit and should not be desecrated. ANTICREMATION!

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34
Q

Extramural Internment

A

burial outside of population centers done for sanitary reasons.

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35
Q

Commune Sepulchrum

A

general population, aliens, slaves buried in common burial pits away from population centers

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36
Q

Intramural Internment

A

Following the example of the martyrs, it was felt the dead Christians should be interred within their churches

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37
Q

Misera Plebs

A

poor

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38
Q

Burial societies

A

buried the masses with pooled dues collected from the poor. origins of insurance company

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39
Q

Funeral Functionaries

A

Libitina, Libitinarius, Pollinctores, Designator,Praeco or crier

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40
Q

Libitina

A

Goddess of corpses and funerals

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41
Q

Libitinarius

A

Supervising secular funeral director charging for his services. Dominated and directed the funeral. Similar to modern day funeral director. Not a priest

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42
Q

Pollinctores

A

slave/employee to Libitinarius.

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43
Q

Designator

A

Master of Ceremonies. Took charge of funeral processions. “apprentice” to Libitinarius

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44
Q

Praeco or crier

A

functionary who summoned the participants to a public Roman Funeral

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45
Q

Buffoon

A

Hired Actor- portrayed the deceased during the funeral procession.

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46
Q

Wax Masks

A

“Death Mask” worn by buffoons representing the deceased’s ancestors

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47
Q

Funeralis

A

Funeral Procession

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48
Q

Roman Funeral Procession

A
  • majority at night
  • funeral oration in the Forum
  • designated mourning period was observed
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49
Q

Professional mourners

A

women hired for the funeral to shriek, tear out hair, and scratch face

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50
Q

Influence of Constantine the Great

A

1) Decani
2) Religious procession
3) Burial societies changed into Purgatorial Societies
4) Theocracy

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51
Q

Decani- (Influence of Constantine the Great) on Roman

A

one step from priest hood- replaced Libitinarius and staff bc they refused service to the poor. They provided a bier, coffin, and grave WITHOUT payment
-Bureaucrats

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52
Q

Purgatorial Societies

A

pay in for funeral and other church offerings

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53
Q

Theocracy

A

Government by religion. No difference between govt and religion. Dominated by Roman Catholic Church.

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54
Q

Hebrew Death Beliefs

A

-result of the influences forced upon them specifically four: Egypt,Babylon,Persia,Greece

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55
Q

Egyptian Captivity

A

concept of the soul reuniting with the body at a future time came about- Origin of Resurrection from re-animation

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56
Q

Babylonian captivity

A

Hebrews rejected Polytheism, and turned to Monotheism- belief in Yahweh

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57
Q

Persian and Greek domination

A

Hebrews believed man was composed of Two elements

BASAR (flesh) NEFESH (breath) at death the sould would go to a netherworld called SHEOL (afterlife)

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58
Q

BASAR

A

flesh

59
Q

NEFESH

A

breath

60
Q

SHEOL

A

Afterlife

61
Q

Flavius Josephus

A

wrote historical accounts about Hebrew burial customs

62
Q

Hebrew Burial Customs

A
  • attired in their own clothing indicating their station in life.
  • No shrouding, no coffins.
  • buried on day of deah
63
Q

Hebrew Mourning Customs

A
  • mourners went naked
  • men strip down to loin cloth
  • sandals were discarded
  • drapes covered head
  • fasted during mourning period
  • hired mourners to sing
64
Q

Hebrew Places of Burial

NO CREMATION- INSULT and FORBIDDEN

A
  • Rejected ancestor worship and elaborate tombs
    -Must be buried with kin
    -Sunken grave- simple bench or trench
    -Single Chamber- ABOVE ground, OND grave tomb
    -Multi-grave chamber- ABOVE ground, MORE than one grave/cave
    -Multi-Chamber- for wealthy, SEVERAL connected MULTI-GRAVE chambers
    N
65
Q

Hebrew philosophy

A

Poorest and most destitute were provided a grave. To leave the dead unburied or to violate a grave could be punished by deah

66
Q

Joseph of Armiathea (Christian)

A

Entombment of Jesus

67
Q

Funeral Belief of Early Christians

A
  • the soul was both spiritual and immortal- no soul could be totally destroyed
  • Never prohibited cremation but encouraged to follow in example of the Master- Jesus
  • Reject Egyptian, Greek, Roman concept of aristocratic afterlife based on discrimination
68
Q

Constantine the Great

A

Prohibited Cremation

69
Q

Canon Laws

A

Allowed cremation of R. Cath. as long as the intention is other than denial of the resurrection of the body and Christian burial is permitted for cremated remains. NO scattering allowed

70
Q

Seven corporal works of mercy

A

Christians- bury dead-simple and unpretentious even during bubonic plague

71
Q

Christian- prep of body

A

done by women-extreme unction (sacrament of preparation)

deceased in white

72
Q

Christian Wake: Canon Law requirements

A
  • lights at head and feet
  • body blessed with holy water and incense
  • a cross placed upon the breast or arms folded
  • coffin- optional
  • view face only- “Kiss of Peace”
  • purpose: fear of being buried alive. Wake left tomb open for 3 days
73
Q

Christian Funeral Burial

A

solemn

74
Q

Christian- Purgatorial Doctrine

A

Public prayers for salvation of deceased soul

75
Q

Christian funeral

A

divided into 3 parts-

1) Levatio Corporis- The Wake of an unembalmed body in the families home
2) Conveying the body on a bier to church for Requiem Mass
3) Rites of burial in Christian cemetery, usually intramural, including a committal service. grave must be consecrated.

76
Q

Burial Clubs

A

combined social functions with funeral functions and known for bawdiness

77
Q

Constantine the Great (Christian funeral)

A

Church state bureaucracy assumed responsibility for funeralizing dead. Decani had total control.

  • even poorest would receive burial
  • laws passed to prevent overcharging
  • bier would be provided to transport deceased
  • all would have a funeral procession ( one crucifer,eight monks, three acolytes)
78
Q

Funeral Beliefs and Customs of German/Barbarian Tribes

A
  • practiced cremation for 2 reasons
    1) a method of keeping spirits of the dead from harming the living
    2) free the spirit of the dead from the clogging prison of the body
79
Q

Viking Ship Burial

A

pagan warrior placed on his ship with his treasure, concubines or wives, weapons, food/drink, horse and set afire.

80
Q

Funeral pyre

A

deceased placed on pile of wood and burned

81
Q

Requiem mass

A

morning with communion

82
Q

catafalque

A

like a huge canopy or drape which deceased was placed upon

83
Q

Feudalism

A

a territorial system with small fiefdoms and interconnected by blood and marriage alliances and based on inequality and social ranking of the population

84
Q

Pax Romana

A

Roman Peace

85
Q

Soul Shot

A

Mortuary fees paid to the church from the estate of the deceased for funeral. Decani get the money.

86
Q

Funeral Feast

A

estate divided and heir named. The fasting before the feast was concluded

87
Q

Catholic Doctrine of Purgatory

A

state in which those whose woulds are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before entering heaven.

88
Q

Steward of the guild (Middle ages)

A

made necessary funeral arrangements including Requiem Mass. Burial solemn, payment of soul shot, and distribution of Alms to the poor

89
Q

League of Prayer

A

society originally roman catholic, but after reformation beam part of the church of england. burial guilds survived the reformation

90
Q

Death Watch

A

death crier dressed in black, would ring bell to announce the death of a guild member

91
Q

Rousing the Ghost-Middle Ages

A

wake characterized by rioting and drunkenness. obscene customs. Black magic to call out or raise the soul of the departed.

92
Q

Death Mask-Waxen effigy

A

represented deceased

93
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

MA- 50% of population died. caused by Yersinia Pestis- fleas on black rats. People thought it was a punishment from god

94
Q

Coffin

A

basket, coffer, or chest

95
Q

Sarcophagus

A

“Greek body eater”

96
Q

Parish Shell

A

a rented coffin used as a bier during the middle ages

97
Q

Quarterage

A

dues to defray costs for masses. payment to Guilds which later becomes the should shot paid to churches

98
Q

Burial in Woolen Act 1666

A

change of shroud from linen to wool

99
Q

Sin Eater

A

ate loaf of bread, drink bowl of stale beer over corpse and accepting 6 pence, a man was able to take unto himself the sins of the deceased.

100
Q

Sexton

A

Replaced Decani. Semi-secular under officer of the church. powerful position in funeralization process

101
Q

Divided Burial- Independent Heart Burial

A

Associated with relics- hearts roomed from religious leaders and preserved as relics

102
Q

Divided Burial- Independent Bone Burial

A

Transporting war dead from Crusades. Dead bodies were boiled down to skeletons and bones shipped for funeralization.

103
Q

Pope Boniface III

A

outlawed Divided burial

104
Q

Embalming Middle Ages

A

rarely practiced- violated “body as a temple of the Holy Spirit”. Done by Monks

105
Q

MA monarchs that were embalmed

A

Henry I, and Edward I .

106
Q

Short Robes

A

Embalmers

107
Q

Long Robes

A

Surgeons

108
Q

Anatomical Embalming

A

done by anatomist in the late middle ages to make cadavers to study anatomy related to the practice of medicine.

109
Q

predestination

A

“God had predestined the survival of individuals or the death of individuals thus medical study was a waste of time”

110
Q

Rebirth of science (Renaissance-Age of enlightenment)

A

triumph over religious prejudice. To study anatomy one must work with dead bodies. To make cadavers- evisceration and immersion, desiccation,arterial injection.

111
Q

Chemicals used by Anatomists in Middle Ages

A

mostly natural and oils- Oil of Terpentine, Lavender,Rosemary,Camphor Spirits,Vermillion,Vinegar,Salt Peter

112
Q

Chemicals used by Anatomists in Medieval period

A

Heavy Metals/poisons:

Zinc,arsenic,aluminum chloride,bichloride of mercury,alcohol,alum,zin

113
Q

Composition of western culture today

A
  • greek aesthetics and philosophy
  • roman law and administrative genius
  • teutonic (germanic) vigor superimposed upon the dominant Judeo Christian tradition
  • Pagan cultural and philosophical roots that developed into Hebrew beliefs that became the foundation of the christian religion
114
Q

Pagan Roots

A

the basic right of a decent burial or some reverential form of disposition of a dead human body seems to be a common mores throughout the history of civilized man

115
Q

Egyptians- sun worshipers

A

sun was the center, the focus of the universe, all things emerged and returned.

116
Q

Herodotus

A

“Father of Recorded History”. Described embalming in detail in his work “There Persian Wars”

117
Q

Diodorus

A

wrote about the time of Christ.

118
Q

portrait coffin

A

developed under Romans. face painted on wooden panel. It was the highest form of art work dev. by egyptians.

119
Q

Kher-heb

A

Egypt- major priest superintended embalming and funeral arrangement. recite necessary prayer. Provided transportation

120
Q

Dissector or anatomist

A

Egypt- completed evisceration,vatting,washing,application of spices.
He is called Paraschistes- embalmer

121
Q

Scribe

A

assistant to Kher-Heb.

  • lawyer
  • indicated path of incision and directed paraschistes.
  • very important
122
Q

pollinctor or apothecary

A
  • chemist in charge of batting

- made natron

123
Q

Physician or priest

A
  • assisted Kher-Heb as supervisors during embalming

- involved with rituals/prayer

124
Q

Concept of balance

A

-heart of dead weighed against a feather by anubis. if balance is unfavorable the hear was devoured by monster Ament.and ended chance for should to become an Osiris.

125
Q

Necropolis

A

walled suburbs near cities where mortuary temples and residences of all involved with preparation of the dead lived. “Cities of the Dead” well respected.

126
Q

Guanches

A

inhabitants of Canary Island- similar to Egyptions

  • TABONA knife
  • well payed
  • respected
127
Q

Greeks

A

belief in a bodily existence under the earth in a underworld

128
Q

Greeks-cremation

A

began in 1000 b.c.as sa result of Germanic tribe.

129
Q

cult of dionysius

A

should separates from the body. Only the should joins the God.
God of Wine

130
Q

Obol

A

three pences placed in deceased’s mouth for Charon the ferryman

131
Q

Greek view of death

A

fatalistic- pessimistic view of an afterlife, hopelessness and despair

132
Q

Burial practices by Greeks

A
  • preparation done by females of the family
  • passage to the netherworld required crossing the Styx river
  • obol
  • No serious attempt at embalming was made
  • no more than 3 burial robes (sumptuary law)
  • use of flowers
133
Q

Funeral Procession

A
  • one hour before dawn the procession set out
  • deceased on bier
  • strict rules with female attending
  • hired dirge singers (screaming and wailing)
134
Q

greek- death watch

A

fear of being buried alive

135
Q

Greek- cremation

A

no scattering must inter

136
Q

Cycle of cremation

A

Earth Burial——1000 B.C cremation starts———-500A.D. return to earth burial under Christian influence

137
Q

Greek v. Egypt

A

greek- shade or soul separated from body

egypt-reanimation-soul would reunite with the restored preserved body

138
Q

Greek Tombs

A

Stelae-upright slab of stone- marker or head stone (shafts)
Kiones-tomb having above ground single or multiple columns (columns
Trapezae-similar to above ground crypt- single or multiple interments. square,”mausoleum”
Naidia- owned by one family. very elaborate. temple

139
Q

Bas-Relief

A

ancient greek grave site with artistic design.

140
Q

Celebration of death

A

buried people with their important objects

141
Q

Funeral Feast

A

greek- broke th fast after interment

142
Q

Sacrifices

A

greek- first animals sacrificed to gods later offerings of food and wine

143
Q

Suttee

A

slaughter of slaves and animals to accompany the deceased in the afterlife

History (8 decks)

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