Test #1 Flashcards
Anthropoid
shaped like a person- used to put a body in
Anubis
God of Embalming (jackelhead) weighed heart
Canopic Jars
Period of the New Kingdom where viscera was placed in. Made of Lime stone. 4 Jars
Mestha (Imsety)
Human head protected the stomach and large intestines
Hapi
Dog head protected the small intestine
Tuamutef
Jackal head, protected the lungs and heart
Qebhsennuf
Hawk head, protected the liver and gall bladder
Circle of Necessity
Death cycle. Resuscitation of the body with the soul after 3,000 years.
Coffin
see notes
Natron
Equivalent to pickle juice. A sodium salt solution like brine to soak bodies in
Necropolis
City of the dead
Osiris
God of Dead. Ruler of the Underworld. Judged the dead.
Pagan
little or no religion or follows a polystheic religion (Romans)
Sarcophagus
Flesh eater
Hieroglyphic
Adjective- writing of symbols. aid and give power to the dead in afterlife
Basic right
throughout time. proper or decent burial of a dead human body
Humanitarianism
doctrine that man’s obligations are limited to and dependent alone on man and human relations
6 Elements of the body that joined to make a person could be reassembled in the body of the dead and resort the “person” so they could pass on to the Sun
1 The BA- soul or spirit
2 Yakhu- “shining one”. Soul transported to the sun
3 The name- identity of the deceased
4 The shadow- flesh and bones
5 The heart- intellect and emotions
6 The Ka- offerings to the dead.; prayers, jewels, etc.
Dry Burial
Bodies shrouded in coarse cloth, laid on charcoal beds under six feet of sand. NOT treated chemically. but allowed to dehydrate naturally.
Herodotus 484-424 BC
Father of Recorded History
Diodorus Siculus
wrote about the time of Christ
Step 1-Evisceration Process
Brain removed by injection of cedar oil into the brain case through the ear/nose. Brain softens and dissolves then used a hook shaped spoon to scrape out. Cranial cavity packed with bandages soaked in resin bitumen thru nostrils
Thoracic and and cavities entered throughout the left lumbar region with an incision with a black flint ceremonial knife “Ethiopian stone” and viscera removed, cleansed, and spiced. Heart stayed
Step 2- Vatting Process
Eviscerated shell immersed in natron for 70 days. Shell removed, cleansed, straightened and exposed to sun to induce dehydration
Step 3- Treatment of Viscera
During certain time periods the viscera was packed in spices, vinegar, perfumes, resins and returned to the body
During New Kingdom viscera was not returned but put into canonic jars
Step 4- Wrapping and Jeweling of body
- Painters replaced missing fingernails and toenails with gold thimbles
- Abd incision sutured and a metal/gold seal placed over incision. The plates were engraved with the “Eye of Osiris” so he would pass judgement
- Body was spiced and jeweled then wrapped
Step 5- Encasement Procedure
3 outside enclosures 1-mummy case (wood) 2-rectangular box or large mummy case-wood. 3- sarcophagus of granite or cement
Middle grade embalming ( 10-15 %)
- No evisceration but cavities injected with cedar oil.
- Vatting in natron for 70 days. internal drainage of all cavities.
- No wrapping,jewelling,encasing. shell returned to family to inter.
Lowest grade- poor (80%)
Pickled shell then dipped into a vat of hot bitumen or tar for 70 days. Black Mummies
Coffins
Desire to keep bodies from touching the earth common for Egyptians and African people.
- Mats, animal skins
- Reed baskets
- Wooden or earthenware canisters
- Sarcophagus
Animistic View
Soul of man, although separated at death form the body, hovered around the place of burial for its continued peace and happiness. It wanted things- if it didn’t get it would haunt you
Mystery Cults
philosophy of the concept of punishment and unhappiness for the evil. Joining with God in the afterlife and punished if not- would be unhappy
-Rejected cremation!
Epicurean influence
body and sould composed of atoms, simply disintegrated at death. you die and that’s it.
Influence of Christianity
set of beliefs on Christian view of death and buril.
1) Immortality of the soul that in the future would reunite with a risen body
2) Every human body was the temple of the holy spirit and should not be desecrated. ANTICREMATION!
Extramural Internment
burial outside of population centers done for sanitary reasons.
Commune Sepulchrum
general population, aliens, slaves buried in common burial pits away from population centers
Intramural Internment
Following the example of the martyrs, it was felt the dead Christians should be interred within their churches
Misera Plebs
poor
Burial societies
buried the masses with pooled dues collected from the poor. origins of insurance company
Funeral Functionaries
Libitina, Libitinarius, Pollinctores, Designator,Praeco or crier
Libitina
Goddess of corpses and funerals
Libitinarius
Supervising secular funeral director charging for his services. Dominated and directed the funeral. Similar to modern day funeral director. Not a priest
Pollinctores
slave/employee to Libitinarius.
Designator
Master of Ceremonies. Took charge of funeral processions. “apprentice” to Libitinarius
Praeco or crier
functionary who summoned the participants to a public Roman Funeral
Buffoon
Hired Actor- portrayed the deceased during the funeral procession.
Wax Masks
“Death Mask” worn by buffoons representing the deceased’s ancestors
Funeralis
Funeral Procession
Roman Funeral Procession
- majority at night
- funeral oration in the Forum
- designated mourning period was observed
Professional mourners
women hired for the funeral to shriek, tear out hair, and scratch face
Influence of Constantine the Great
1) Decani
2) Religious procession
3) Burial societies changed into Purgatorial Societies
4) Theocracy
Decani- (Influence of Constantine the Great) on Roman
one step from priest hood- replaced Libitinarius and staff bc they refused service to the poor. They provided a bier, coffin, and grave WITHOUT payment
-Bureaucrats
Purgatorial Societies
pay in for funeral and other church offerings
Theocracy
Government by religion. No difference between govt and religion. Dominated by Roman Catholic Church.
Hebrew Death Beliefs
-result of the influences forced upon them specifically four: Egypt,Babylon,Persia,Greece
Egyptian Captivity
concept of the soul reuniting with the body at a future time came about- Origin of Resurrection from re-animation
Babylonian captivity
Hebrews rejected Polytheism, and turned to Monotheism- belief in Yahweh
Persian and Greek domination
Hebrews believed man was composed of Two elements
BASAR (flesh) NEFESH (breath) at death the sould would go to a netherworld called SHEOL (afterlife)
BASAR
flesh
NEFESH
breath
SHEOL
Afterlife
Flavius Josephus
wrote historical accounts about Hebrew burial customs
Hebrew Burial Customs
- attired in their own clothing indicating their station in life.
- No shrouding, no coffins.
- buried on day of deah
Hebrew Mourning Customs
- mourners went naked
- men strip down to loin cloth
- sandals were discarded
- drapes covered head
- fasted during mourning period
- hired mourners to sing
Hebrew Places of Burial
NO CREMATION- INSULT and FORBIDDEN
- Rejected ancestor worship and elaborate tombs
-Must be buried with kin
-Sunken grave- simple bench or trench
-Single Chamber- ABOVE ground, OND grave tomb
-Multi-grave chamber- ABOVE ground, MORE than one grave/cave
-Multi-Chamber- for wealthy, SEVERAL connected MULTI-GRAVE chambers
N
Hebrew philosophy
Poorest and most destitute were provided a grave. To leave the dead unburied or to violate a grave could be punished by deah
Joseph of Armiathea (Christian)
Entombment of Jesus
Funeral Belief of Early Christians
- the soul was both spiritual and immortal- no soul could be totally destroyed
- Never prohibited cremation but encouraged to follow in example of the Master- Jesus
- Reject Egyptian, Greek, Roman concept of aristocratic afterlife based on discrimination
Constantine the Great
Prohibited Cremation
Canon Laws
Allowed cremation of R. Cath. as long as the intention is other than denial of the resurrection of the body and Christian burial is permitted for cremated remains. NO scattering allowed
Seven corporal works of mercy
Christians- bury dead-simple and unpretentious even during bubonic plague
Christian- prep of body
done by women-extreme unction (sacrament of preparation)
deceased in white
Christian Wake: Canon Law requirements
- lights at head and feet
- body blessed with holy water and incense
- a cross placed upon the breast or arms folded
- coffin- optional
- view face only- “Kiss of Peace”
- purpose: fear of being buried alive. Wake left tomb open for 3 days
Christian Funeral Burial
solemn
Christian- Purgatorial Doctrine
Public prayers for salvation of deceased soul
Christian funeral
divided into 3 parts-
1) Levatio Corporis- The Wake of an unembalmed body in the families home
2) Conveying the body on a bier to church for Requiem Mass
3) Rites of burial in Christian cemetery, usually intramural, including a committal service. grave must be consecrated.
Burial Clubs
combined social functions with funeral functions and known for bawdiness
Constantine the Great (Christian funeral)
Church state bureaucracy assumed responsibility for funeralizing dead. Decani had total control.
- even poorest would receive burial
- laws passed to prevent overcharging
- bier would be provided to transport deceased
- all would have a funeral procession ( one crucifer,eight monks, three acolytes)
Funeral Beliefs and Customs of German/Barbarian Tribes
- practiced cremation for 2 reasons
1) a method of keeping spirits of the dead from harming the living
2) free the spirit of the dead from the clogging prison of the body
Viking Ship Burial
pagan warrior placed on his ship with his treasure, concubines or wives, weapons, food/drink, horse and set afire.
Funeral pyre
deceased placed on pile of wood and burned
Requiem mass
morning with communion
catafalque
like a huge canopy or drape which deceased was placed upon
Feudalism
a territorial system with small fiefdoms and interconnected by blood and marriage alliances and based on inequality and social ranking of the population
Pax Romana
Roman Peace
Soul Shot
Mortuary fees paid to the church from the estate of the deceased for funeral. Decani get the money.
Funeral Feast
estate divided and heir named. The fasting before the feast was concluded
Catholic Doctrine of Purgatory
state in which those whose woulds are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before entering heaven.
Steward of the guild (Middle ages)
made necessary funeral arrangements including Requiem Mass. Burial solemn, payment of soul shot, and distribution of Alms to the poor
League of Prayer
society originally roman catholic, but after reformation beam part of the church of england. burial guilds survived the reformation
Death Watch
death crier dressed in black, would ring bell to announce the death of a guild member
Rousing the Ghost-Middle Ages
wake characterized by rioting and drunkenness. obscene customs. Black magic to call out or raise the soul of the departed.
Death Mask-Waxen effigy
represented deceased
Bubonic Plague
MA- 50% of population died. caused by Yersinia Pestis- fleas on black rats. People thought it was a punishment from god
Coffin
basket, coffer, or chest
Sarcophagus
“Greek body eater”
Parish Shell
a rented coffin used as a bier during the middle ages
Quarterage
dues to defray costs for masses. payment to Guilds which later becomes the should shot paid to churches
Burial in Woolen Act 1666
change of shroud from linen to wool
Sin Eater
ate loaf of bread, drink bowl of stale beer over corpse and accepting 6 pence, a man was able to take unto himself the sins of the deceased.
Sexton
Replaced Decani. Semi-secular under officer of the church. powerful position in funeralization process
Divided Burial- Independent Heart Burial
Associated with relics- hearts roomed from religious leaders and preserved as relics
Divided Burial- Independent Bone Burial
Transporting war dead from Crusades. Dead bodies were boiled down to skeletons and bones shipped for funeralization.
Pope Boniface III
outlawed Divided burial
Embalming Middle Ages
rarely practiced- violated “body as a temple of the Holy Spirit”. Done by Monks
MA monarchs that were embalmed
Henry I, and Edward I .
Short Robes
Embalmers
Long Robes
Surgeons
Anatomical Embalming
done by anatomist in the late middle ages to make cadavers to study anatomy related to the practice of medicine.
predestination
“God had predestined the survival of individuals or the death of individuals thus medical study was a waste of time”
Rebirth of science (Renaissance-Age of enlightenment)
triumph over religious prejudice. To study anatomy one must work with dead bodies. To make cadavers- evisceration and immersion, desiccation,arterial injection.
Chemicals used by Anatomists in Middle Ages
mostly natural and oils- Oil of Terpentine, Lavender,Rosemary,Camphor Spirits,Vermillion,Vinegar,Salt Peter
Chemicals used by Anatomists in Medieval period
Heavy Metals/poisons:
Zinc,arsenic,aluminum chloride,bichloride of mercury,alcohol,alum,zin
Composition of western culture today
- greek aesthetics and philosophy
- roman law and administrative genius
- teutonic (germanic) vigor superimposed upon the dominant Judeo Christian tradition
- Pagan cultural and philosophical roots that developed into Hebrew beliefs that became the foundation of the christian religion
Pagan Roots
the basic right of a decent burial or some reverential form of disposition of a dead human body seems to be a common mores throughout the history of civilized man
Egyptians- sun worshipers
sun was the center, the focus of the universe, all things emerged and returned.
Herodotus
“Father of Recorded History”. Described embalming in detail in his work “There Persian Wars”
Diodorus
wrote about the time of Christ.
portrait coffin
developed under Romans. face painted on wooden panel. It was the highest form of art work dev. by egyptians.
Kher-heb
Egypt- major priest superintended embalming and funeral arrangement. recite necessary prayer. Provided transportation
Dissector or anatomist
Egypt- completed evisceration,vatting,washing,application of spices.
He is called Paraschistes- embalmer
Scribe
assistant to Kher-Heb.
- lawyer
- indicated path of incision and directed paraschistes.
- very important
pollinctor or apothecary
- chemist in charge of batting
- made natron
Physician or priest
- assisted Kher-Heb as supervisors during embalming
- involved with rituals/prayer
Concept of balance
-heart of dead weighed against a feather by anubis. if balance is unfavorable the hear was devoured by monster Ament.and ended chance for should to become an Osiris.
Necropolis
walled suburbs near cities where mortuary temples and residences of all involved with preparation of the dead lived. “Cities of the Dead” well respected.
Guanches
inhabitants of Canary Island- similar to Egyptions
- TABONA knife
- well payed
- respected
Greeks
belief in a bodily existence under the earth in a underworld
Greeks-cremation
began in 1000 b.c.as sa result of Germanic tribe.
cult of dionysius
should separates from the body. Only the should joins the God.
God of Wine
Obol
three pences placed in deceased’s mouth for Charon the ferryman
Greek view of death
fatalistic- pessimistic view of an afterlife, hopelessness and despair
Burial practices by Greeks
- preparation done by females of the family
- passage to the netherworld required crossing the Styx river
- obol
- No serious attempt at embalming was made
- no more than 3 burial robes (sumptuary law)
- use of flowers
Funeral Procession
- one hour before dawn the procession set out
- deceased on bier
- strict rules with female attending
- hired dirge singers (screaming and wailing)
greek- death watch
fear of being buried alive
Greek- cremation
no scattering must inter
Cycle of cremation
Earth Burial——1000 B.C cremation starts———-500A.D. return to earth burial under Christian influence
Greek v. Egypt
greek- shade or soul separated from body
egypt-reanimation-soul would reunite with the restored preserved body
Greek Tombs
Stelae-upright slab of stone- marker or head stone (shafts)
Kiones-tomb having above ground single or multiple columns (columns
Trapezae-similar to above ground crypt- single or multiple interments. square,”mausoleum”
Naidia- owned by one family. very elaborate. temple
Bas-Relief
ancient greek grave site with artistic design.
Celebration of death
buried people with their important objects
Funeral Feast
greek- broke th fast after interment
Sacrifices
greek- first animals sacrificed to gods later offerings of food and wine
Suttee
slaughter of slaves and animals to accompany the deceased in the afterlife
