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A & P 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve

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2
Q

How are tissues formed

A

when cells interact or join together

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3
Q

Name some cell junctions

A 
tight junction
adherens junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
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4
Q

What are cell junctions

A

type of structure within the tissue that provide contact between neighbouring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelium tissue

A

simple
pseudostratified
stratified

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6
Q

What are the shapes of epithelium tissue

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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7
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelium

A

secretion

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8
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

endocrine secrete into fluid going to blood e.g. hormones while exocrine secrete to surface of cells e.g. sweat

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular)
Dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)
Cartilage (hyaline, elasic, fibrocartilage)
Bone (compact, spongy)
Liquid connective tissue (blood, lymph)

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10
Q

What are membranes

A

tissues that cover a body part

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11
Q

What are 2 types of membranes

A

epithelial

synovial

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12
Q

What are 3 types of epithelial membranes

A

mucous
serous
cutaneous

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13
Q

Describe a mucous membrane

A

lines a body cavity that opens to the exterior ex. respiratory tract

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14
Q

Describe a serous membrane

A

lines cavities that do not open to outside fluid prevents friction

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15
Q

What is the difference between parietal and visceral membrane

A

parietal is the layer attached to cavity wall while visceral is the layer attached to organs in the cavity

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16
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Important in maintaining joint ingretity by lining the joints

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17
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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18
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of

A 
skin
hair
nails
glands
muscles
nerves
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19
Q

Is the subcutaneous layer part of the skin

A

No

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20
Q

What are melanocytes

A

cell of the epidermis responsible for pigmentation

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21
Q

Keratincytes

A

cell of epidermis gives skin its physiological integritity and makes it water repellant

22
Q

Langerhans cells

A

part of immune response

protection

23
Q

Merkel cells

A

receptor and nerve

24
Q

Stratum basale

A

deepest layer of epidermis
formation of new cells
anchoring part of dermis
single row of cuboidal

25
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers

stabilizing base provides strength

26
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers flattened
stains the darkest
repels water

27
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

only in fingertips palms and soles of feet

3-5 layers of flat, clear, dead cells

28
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 layers flat dead cells (thickest)
continuous shed and replaced
top region

29
Q

What makes up the dermis

A

composed primarily of connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves
hair follicles

30
Q

What are the 2 regions of the dermis

A

papillary

reticular

31
Q

Papillary region

A

areolar connective tissue w/elastic fibers
dermal papillae
elasticity

32
Q

Reticular region

A

attaches to subcutaneous layer
dense irregular connective tissue
hair follicles and sebaceous gland
base

33
Q

What are the functions of the skin

A 
thermoregulation
protection
vitamin D synthesis
blood storage
sensation
excretion
absorption
34
Q

what is the functions of the plasma membrane

A

physical isolation
regulates exchange with environment
monitors the environment
structural support

35
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural proteins for shape and strength

36
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area for absorption

attach to cytoskeleton

37
Q

centrioles

A

form spindle apparatus during cell division

38
Q

cilia

A

small hair like extensions

move fluid across cell surface

39
Q

ribosomes

A

build polypetides in protein synthesis

40
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

storage chambers within membranes
synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids
transport of materials within er
detoxification of drugs or toxins

41
Q

smooth er

A

more involved in steroid hormone production

42
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modify and package products for exocytosis

think ups

43
Q

why are vesicles important

A

getting things out of cell

can fuse to cell membrane

44
Q

lysosomes

A

powerful enzyme-containing vesicles
clean up inside of cell
autolysis

45
Q

mitochondria

A

take chemical energy from food (glucose) produce energy molecule ATP

46
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle

cells control center

47
Q

DNA

A

instructions for every protein in the body

48
Q

gene

A

DNA instructions for one protein

49
Q

genetic code

A

the chemical language of DNA instructions

sequences of bases A, T, C, G

50
Q

What are the steps of protein synthesis

A

transcription- copies instructions from DNA to mRNA in nucleus
Translation- ribosomes reads code from mRNA in cytoplasm and assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
Processing- by RER and Golgi apparatus produces protein

51
Q

Transcription

A

gene activation-DNA is uncoiled, start promoter mark location, enzyme RNA polymerase binds to nucleotides to form mRNA by reading and replicating DNA (t’s replace by u’s) unnecessary codes (introns) removed

52
Q

Translation

A

mRNA move form nucleus thru pore to ribosome in cytoplasma and bind to ribosomal subunits where tRNA delivers amino acids to MRNA, tRNA binds to mRNA an enzyme join amino acid with peptide bonds then at stop codon components separate

A & P 1 (3 decks)

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