Test 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve
How are tissues formed
when cells interact or join together
Name some cell junctions
tight junction adherens junctions desmosomes hemidesmosomes gap junctions
What are cell junctions
type of structure within the tissue that provide contact between neighbouring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix
What are the 3 types of epithelium tissue
simple
pseudostratified
stratified
What are the shapes of epithelium tissue
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
What is the function of glandular epithelium
secretion
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine
endocrine secrete into fluid going to blood e.g. hormones while exocrine secrete to surface of cells e.g. sweat
What are the 5 types of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular)
Dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)
Cartilage (hyaline, elasic, fibrocartilage)
Bone (compact, spongy)
Liquid connective tissue (blood, lymph)
What are membranes
tissues that cover a body part
What are 2 types of membranes
epithelial
synovial
What are 3 types of epithelial membranes
mucous
serous
cutaneous
Describe a mucous membrane
lines a body cavity that opens to the exterior ex. respiratory tract
Describe a serous membrane
lines cavities that do not open to outside fluid prevents friction
What is the difference between parietal and visceral membrane
parietal is the layer attached to cavity wall while visceral is the layer attached to organs in the cavity
Synovial membrane
Important in maintaining joint ingretity by lining the joints
What are 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
What does the integumentary system consist of
skin hair nails glands muscles nerves
Is the subcutaneous layer part of the skin
No
What are melanocytes
cell of the epidermis responsible for pigmentation
Keratincytes
cell of epidermis gives skin its physiological integritity and makes it water repellant
Langerhans cells
part of immune response
protection
Merkel cells
receptor and nerve
Stratum basale
deepest layer of epidermis
formation of new cells
anchoring part of dermis
single row of cuboidal
Stratum spinosum
8-10 layers
stabilizing base provides strength
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers flattened
stains the darkest
repels water
Stratum lucidum
only in fingertips palms and soles of feet
3-5 layers of flat, clear, dead cells
Stratum corneum
25-30 layers flat dead cells (thickest)
continuous shed and replaced
top region
What makes up the dermis
composed primarily of connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves
hair follicles
What are the 2 regions of the dermis
papillary
reticular
Papillary region
areolar connective tissue w/elastic fibers
dermal papillae
elasticity
Reticular region
attaches to subcutaneous layer
dense irregular connective tissue
hair follicles and sebaceous gland
base
What are the functions of the skin
thermoregulation protection vitamin D synthesis blood storage sensation excretion absorption
what is the functions of the plasma membrane
physical isolation
regulates exchange with environment
monitors the environment
structural support
cytoskeleton
structural proteins for shape and strength
microvilli
increase surface area for absorption
attach to cytoskeleton
centrioles
form spindle apparatus during cell division
cilia
small hair like extensions
move fluid across cell surface
ribosomes
build polypetides in protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
storage chambers within membranes
synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids
transport of materials within er
detoxification of drugs or toxins
smooth er
more involved in steroid hormone production
Golgi apparatus
modify and package products for exocytosis
think ups
why are vesicles important
getting things out of cell
can fuse to cell membrane
lysosomes
powerful enzyme-containing vesicles
clean up inside of cell
autolysis
mitochondria
take chemical energy from food (glucose) produce energy molecule ATP
nucleus
largest organelle
cells control center
DNA
instructions for every protein in the body
gene
DNA instructions for one protein
genetic code
the chemical language of DNA instructions
sequences of bases A, T, C, G
What are the steps of protein synthesis
transcription- copies instructions from DNA to mRNA in nucleus
Translation- ribosomes reads code from mRNA in cytoplasm and assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
Processing- by RER and Golgi apparatus produces protein
Transcription
gene activation-DNA is uncoiled, start promoter mark location, enzyme RNA polymerase binds to nucleotides to form mRNA by reading and replicating DNA (t’s replace by u’s) unnecessary codes (introns) removed
Translation
mRNA move form nucleus thru pore to ribosome in cytoplasma and bind to ribosomal subunits where tRNA delivers amino acids to MRNA, tRNA binds to mRNA an enzyme join amino acid with peptide bonds then at stop codon components separate
