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A & P 1 > Skeleton System > Flashcards

Skeleton System Flashcards

1
Q

the skeletal system includes

A

bones
cartilages
ligaments
connective tissues

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system

A 
support
mineral storage (calcium)
lipid storage (yellow marrow)
blood cell production (red marrow)
protection
leverage
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3
Q

how are bones classified

A 
shape
bone markings (on the surface)
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4
Q

what are the different bone shapes

A 
long bones
flat bones
sutural bones
irregular bones
short bones
sesamoid bones
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5
Q

long bones

A

long and thin found in arms legs hands feet fingers and toes

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6
Q

flat bones

A

thin with parallel surfaces found in skull sternum ribs and scapulae

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7
Q

sutural bones

A

small irregular bones found between flat bones of the skull

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8
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes e.g. spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones

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9
Q

short bones

A

small and thick e.g. ankle and wrist bones

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10
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small and flat develop inside tendons near joints of knees hands and feet

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11
Q

process

A

any projection or bump

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12
Q

ramus

A

an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

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13
Q

trochanter

A

a large rough projecton

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14
Q

tuberosity

A

a smaller rough projection

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15
Q

tubercle

A

a small rounded projection

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16
Q

crest

A

a prominent ridge

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17
Q

line

A

a low ridge

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18
Q

spine

A

a pointed or narrow process

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19
Q

head

A

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis and the diaphysis

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20
Q

condyle

A

a smooth rounded articular process

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21
Q

trochlea

A

a smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

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22
Q

facet

A

a small flat articular surface

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23
Q

fossa

A

a shallow depression

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24
Q

sulcus

A

a narrow groove

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25
Q

foramen

A

a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

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26
Q

canal or meatus

A

a passageway through the substance of a bone

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27
Q

fissure

A

an elongated cleft

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28
Q

sinus or antrum

A

a chamber within a bone normally filled with air

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29
Q

what are the structures of a long bone

A

diaphysis
metaphysis
epiphysis

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30
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft

heavy wall of compact bone or dense bone

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31
Q

medullary (marrow) cavity

A

central space inside the long bone

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32
Q

epiphysis

A

wide part at each end
articulation with other bones
mostly spongy bone (cancellous)
covered with compact bone (cortex)

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33
Q

metaphysis

A

where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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34
Q

flat bone structure

A

resembles a sandwich of spongy bone

bread is two layers of compact bone

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35
Q

bone tissue

A

dense supportive connective tissue
contains specialized cells
produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
around collagen fibers

36
Q

osteon

A

bone cells within lacunae organized around blood vessels

37
Q

canaliculi

A

form pathways for blood vessels

exchange nutrients and wastes

38
Q

periosteum

A

outter linning
covers outer surfaces of bones
consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

39
Q

endiosteum

A

inner linning

40
Q

cells of bone make up what % of bone mass

A

2%

41
Q

bones contains four types of what cells

A

osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoclasts

42
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
live in lacunae
connect by extensions thru canaliculi in lamellae
do not divide

43
Q

what are the functions of osteoclasts

A

maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

help repair damaged bone

44
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone making cells
immature bone cells that secrete bone (osteogenesis)
produces osteoid-matrix but not yet calcified to formed bone
become osteocytes once done secreting bone

45
Q

osteoclasts

A

derived from stem cells
secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
giant multinucleate cells
dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)

46
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
located in endosteum
assist in fracture repair
precursor cells sitting in wait for something to happen
cells that become something else

47
Q

osteon

A

basic unit of compact bone
central canal contains blood vessels
perforating canals carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

48
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

wrapped around the long bone

bind osteons together

49
Q

spongy bone

A

no osteons
matrix formed by trabeculae (swiss cheese)
space between filled with red & yellow marrow

50
Q

red marrow

A

has blood vessels
forms red blood cells
supplies nutrients to osteocytes

51
Q

yellow marrow

A

in some bones

stores fat

52
Q

weight bearing bones

A

femur tension on lateral side compression on medial side (femur)

53
Q

functions of periosteum

A

isolate bone from surrounding tissues
provide route for circulatory & nervous supply
participates in growth & repair

54
Q

endosteum

A 
lines medullary cavity (marrow)
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
lines central canals
contains osteoblast osteoprogenitor cells osteoclasts
active in bone growth & repair
55
Q

bone development

A

during first month of embryonic development tissue replaced with bone with 2 processes

56
Q

what are the 2 processes of fetal bone development

A

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

57
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

fibrous membranes replaced with bone

occurs in flat bones like skull, sternum

58
Q

endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage replaced by bone

occurs in most bones-long bones

59
Q

steps of intramembranous ossification

A

spongy bone develops at certain ossification sites
red bone marrow forms in spongy bone tissue
compact bone forms on the outside

60
Q

steps of endochondral osssification

A

cavity formed in hyaline cartilage at primary ossification center
influx of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, red marrow, nerves, blood called periosteal bud
osteoclasts break down new spongy bone forming medullary cavity
compact bone replaces cartilage on outside
2nd ossification center & periosteal bud forms at epiphysis
articular cartilage forms on outside of epiphysis
cartilage remains between both ossification centers - growth

61
Q

what growth occurs at epiphyseal plate

A

chondrocytes divide producing new cartilage at epiphyseal end
old cartilage replaced broken down by osteoclast replaced by bone

62
Q

appositional growth

A

compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae

63
Q

epiphyseal lines

A

when long bones stop growing after puberty
epiphyseal cartilage disappears
visible on x-ray as lines

64
Q

mature bones

A

osteoclast enlarge medullary cavity

osteons form around blood vessels in compact bone

65
Q

3 major sets of blood vessels develop

A

nutrient artery and vein
metaphyseal vessels
periosteal vessels

66
Q

nutrient artery & vein

A

single pair of large blood vessels
enter diaphysis thru nutrient foramen
femur has more than one pair

67
Q

metaphyseal vessels

A

supply epiphyseal cartilage

where bone growth occurs

68
Q

periosteal vessels

A

provide blood to superficial osteons

provide secondary ossification centers

69
Q

bone remodeling

A

ongoing process
involves osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts
remodels recycles replaces
turnover rate varies

70
Q

wolfs law

A

heavily stressed bones become thicker and stonger

71
Q

nutritional & hormonal factors

A

vitamin c for collagen synthesis osteoblast differentiation stimulation
vitamin a stimulates osteoblast activity
vitamin k b12 synthesize bone proteins
growth hormone & thyroxine stimulate bone growth
estrogens & androgens stimulate osteoblasts
calcitonin & parathyroid hormone regulate calcium & phosphate levels

72
Q

What is the need for calicum

A

membranes
neurons
muscle cells especially heart

73
Q

how is calcium homeostatis achieved

A

by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

control storage absorption and excretion

74
Q

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone impact

A

bones where calcium is stored
digestive tract where calcium is absorbed
kidney where calcium is excreted

75
Q

PTH

A 
produced by  parathyroid glands in neck
increases calcium levels
stimulates osteoclasts
increasing intestinal absorption of calcium
decreasing calcium excretion at kidneys
76
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by c cells in thyroid
decreases calcium ion level
inhibits osteoclast activity
increasing calcium excretion at kidneys

77
Q

potts fracture

A

occurs at ankle affects both bones of leg

78
Q

comminuted fracture

A

shattering the affected area into multitude of bony fragments

79
Q

transverse fracture

A

break a bone shaft across its long axis

80
Q

spiral fracture

A

fractures produced twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone

81
Q

displaced fracture

A

fractures that are not in alignment

82
Q

colles fracture

A

a break in the distal portion of the radius a result of reaching out to cushion a fall

83
Q

greenstick fracture

A

fractures when only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent

84
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

clean transverse fracture along the epiphysis

85
Q

compression fracture

A

bones are crushed force is extreme

86
Q

fracture repair

A

bleeding produces clot
establishes fibrous network
bone cells in area die
endosteum & periosteum cells divide go to fracture zone
clean up debris & calluses stabilize break
osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
osteoblast osteoclast osteocytes remodel fracture for up to a year reducing bone calluses

A & P 1 (3 decks)

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