TEST 1 Flashcards
Lesson
What major upheaval occurred in Europe during the 19th century?
Political & economic upheaval
How did industrialization and colonization contribute to European global supremacy?
increased production, access to resources, and global markets
Where was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?
Ironbridge Gorge, England
What key industries were important during the Industrial Revolution?
Steel, iron, textiles, and coal mining
How much steel did Britain produce in 1892?
3 million tons
What is the Bessemer Process, and how did it improve steel production?
A method to convert pig iron into steel, making production faster and cheaper
Who invented the Bessemer Process, and what was its significance?
Henry Bessemer; it allowed mass production of cheap steel
How does the Bessemer Process work to convert pig iron into steel?
Air is blown through molten pig iron in a Bessemer converter, oxidizing impurities to produce steel
What impurities are removed during the Bessemer Process, and how does it affect the final product?
Carbon, manganese, and silicon; resulting in stronger, durable steel
Why was the Bessemer Process important for the Industrial Revolution?
It made steel production faster and cheaper, crucial for infrastructure and machinery
What were some major industrial areas in England during the Industrial Revolution?
Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow
How did the spread of industrialization change the geography of Europe?
It led to the growth of industrial cities, factories, and railways, transforming rural areas
Which countries in Europe were heavily industrialized during this period?
England, France, Germany (Prussia, Saxony), Belgium
How did the development of railways help spread industrialization?
Efficient transport of materials and finished goods, reducing costs and connecting cities
What caused rapid urban growth during the Industrial Revolution?
Rural exodus, migration to cities for industrial jobs
What is the rural exodus, and how did it impact the growth of cities?
Migration from rural areas to cities, causing urban growth
How did pollution become a significant issue in industrial areas?
Smoke, coal dust, and factory emissions polluted air and water
How did migration patterns change in less developed countries like Ireland and Italy during the 19th century?
Migration to new countries like North America and Australia due to limited opportunities in their home countries
What does the term mechanization mean, and how did it affect production during the Industrial Revolution?
Machines replacing manual labor, increasing production efficiency
What is metallurgy, and why was it important during the Industrial Revolution?
The science of producing metals, important for mass production of goods
What is the Bessemer Process, and why was it revolutionary for steel production?
A process for efficient steel production, allowing mass production
What is the rural exodus, and how did it contribute to urbanization during this period
Migration from the countryside to cities due to industrial jobs
When did the First Industrial Revolution begin, and where did it start?
At the end of the 18th century, in England
What were some of the innovations that helped to drive the Industrial Revolution, like the steam engine and the improved weaving loom?
They enabled faster production of goods
How did machines powered by coal replace other forms of power during the Industrial Revolution?
Coal-powered machines replaced manual, animal, and wind power
How did coal mines and transportation networks like canals and railways contribute to the spread of industrialization across Europe?
supported industrial growth
How did the landscape change during the Industrial Revolution with the emergence of factories, smokestacks, and railways?
Cities grew, factories and smokestacks emerged, and railways connected industrial areas.
