Test 1 Flashcards
What is osteokinematics?
the manner in which bones move in space without regard to the movement of joint surfaces
Example: flexion/extension
What is arthrokinematics?
the manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other
Example: roll, slide, spin
What is static?
nonmoving
What is dynamic?
moving
What is anatomical position?
standing upright, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at side with palms facing forward
Medial
close to midline
Lateral
further from midline
Anterior
front of body
Posterior
back of body
Ventral
anterior/trunk
Palmar
anterior of hand
Dorsal
posterior/trunk
Distal
away from trunk
Proximal
towards the trunk
Superior
above another body part
Inferior
below another body part
Plantar
inferior aspect of foot
Cranial/Cephalad
closer to head
Caudal
closer to feet/butt
Superficial
closer to surface
Deep
further from the surface
Supine
lying on back
Prone
lying on stomach
Sideline
lying on side
Contralateral
opposite side
Ipsilateral
same side
Mid-Sagittal
divides body into equal right and left halves
Sagittal
divides body into right and left halves
Frontal/Coronal
divides body into front and back halves
Transverse
divides body into upper and lower halves
Mass
amount of matter within and making up the body
Vector
a quantity that has both magnitude and direction
Inertia
property of matter that causes it to resist any changes of its motion in either speed or direction
Friction
force developed by two surfaces, which tends to prevent motion of one surface across another
Force
amount and direction of push or pull applied to objects or body segment
Linear force
results when 2 or more forest are action along the same line or plane
Parallel force
occur in the same plane and direction with counter force in the middle but in the opposite direction
Torque
tendency to force to produce rotation around an axis
Moment arm
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation
Angular force
perpendicular distance between the joint axis and the angle of pull is much larger
Newton’s 1st Law
law of inertia- an object remains at rest or in constant linear velocity except when compelled by an external for to change its state
Example: kicking soccer ball
Newton’s 2nd Law
law of acceleration- amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object directly, it takes place in the same direction in which the force acts and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body
F(force) = m(mass) x a(acceleration)
Newton’s 3rd Law
law of action-reaction- the strength of the reaction is always equal to the strength of the action, in opposite directions
Example: jumping on trampoline
Where is center of gravity on the body?
slightly anterior to S2
What is axis of rotation?
bones rotate about a joint in a plane that is perpendicular to it
1st class lever
axis located between the force and the resistance
F__A__R (balance)
Example: seesaw
2nd class lever
axis is at one end, resistance in the middle and the force at the other end (power)
A__R__F
Example: wheelbarrow
3rd class lever
axis at one end with the force in the middle and resistance at the opposite end (ROM)
A__F__R
Example: screen door with spring attachment
Compact bone
hard, dense outer shell
Cancellous bone
porous, spongy inside position
Wolff’s Law
bone density increases for areas on which increased forces are imposed and decreased for areas on which forces are decreased
Epiphysis
end of diaphysis; in adults it is osseous and in kids its cartilaginous material
Diaphysis
main shaft of the bone and makes up mostly compact bone which gives it strength
Long bones
longer than wider
Short bones
equal dimensions
Flat bones
broad, but not thick
Irregular bones
mixed shaped bones
Sesamoid bones
smalls bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in extremities
Osteokinematic Motion
“joint motion”- relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis
Arthrokinematics
“joint surface motion”- describes motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of a joint
Synarthrosis
junction between bones that is held together by dense irregular connective tissue, little to no movement
Bone
amount and the direction of motion allowed at each joint are dictated by the shape of the bone ends and by the articular surface of each bone
Capsule
surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces of there bones
Aponeurosis
is a broad, flat tendinous sheath
Convex on Concave movement
convex surface rolls and slides in OPPOSITE direction
Example: shoulder joint
Concave on Convex movement
convex surface rolls and slides in SIMILAR direction
Example: elbow
Joint Play Movement
not under voluntary control and occurs only in response to an external force, small amount of movement available in a joint necessary for arthrokinematics movement
Muscle fibers
bounded together into bundles of fascicles
Myofibrils
smaller bundles, each individual muscle fiber is composed of these
Fascicle
each muscle fiber is surrounded by this
Sarcomeres
a band pattern and each band has units
Actin
light bands, I band, thin filaments,
Myosin
dark bands, A band, think filaments
Concentric
shorting of muscle, pulls actin filaments close to together
Eccentric
lengthening of muscle, pull actin-myosin apart
Type 1 muscle fiber
slow twitch or slow oxidative
Type 2 muscle fiber
fast twitch or fast glycolytic
Origin and insertion
will determine in what direction the motion is going to occur in, insertions usually move proximal to the origin
Line of Pull
a line from the origin to the insertion, is the determinant of muscles actions
Parallel muscle fibers
long and have greater ROM potential
Oblique muscle shapes
shorter but more numerous and have greater potential
Agonist
muscle or muscles which cause the motion or the prime mover
Antagonist
muscle which is performing the opposite motion of the agonist
Isometric contraction
muscle contracts without joint motion
Isotonic contraction
muscle contracts and the muscle length change and joint motion occurs, the resistance remains constant but the velocity varies
Concentric contraction
muscle contracts and the origin and insertion move closer together (shortening)
Eccentric contraction
muscle is contraction but the origin and insertion are moving father apart (lengthening)
Active insufficiency
muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any further, this occurs to the agonist
Passive insufficiency
muscle can’t be elongated any further without damage to the fibers, this occurs to the antagonist, when a muscle is long enough to be stretched over each joint individually, but not both
