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BIOL*3060 PCE > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms or individuals of the same species occupying a particular place at a particular time.

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2
Q

Community

A

A group of interacting populations of different species both within the same trophic level (plants interacting with plants) and from higher or lower trophic levels. (decomposers, herbivores, predators)

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

The organisms (biotic) and the physical environment (abiotic) within which they interact, linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

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4
Q

Ecosystem Function

A

The services that biodiversity provides to humanity by influencing the pool sizes and flow rates of limiting resources.

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5
Q

Geometric Growth

A

When generation times (T) do not overlap, and there is no limitation of resources on population expansion.

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6
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Generation times overlap, such that there is continuous non-discrete growth.
- There are no resource limitations on population expansion.

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7
Q

Logistic Growth

A

There are strong connections amoung rising population size, resource supply, and rate of population growth over time - limitations eventually intensify

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8
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

The number of individuals of a population the environment can support
- Maximum population size that can be sustained in that specific environment

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9
Q

Density Dependence

A

The tendency for the death rate in a population to increase, and or the birth or growth rate to decrease, as the density of the population increases

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10
Q

Species interactions that intensify at higher population density

A
  1. Competition
  2. Predation
  3. Parasitism
  4. Disease
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11
Q

Rarity Advantages

A

Individuals or species at low density have higher access to limiting resources
- Critical mechanism of species co-existence
- The Janzen-Connell model

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12
Q

Allee Effects

A

Individuals or species at low density have lower access to breeding partners.
- Not dense enough
- Rarity disadvantage

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13
Q

Facilitation

A

Individuals or species at high density have better performance, due to factors such as shading in deserts or protection from predation (strength in numbers).
- Density-dependence

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14
Q

Density Independence

A

Population performance affected by factors that act independently of population size, although these same factors can be especially harmful at low-density populations

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15
Q

Density dependent factors tend to…

A

Stabilize or increase population performance by rarer species (competition, predation)

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16
Q

Density independent factors tend to…

A

Destabilize rarer species and drive them to extinction

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17
Q

Dispersal

A
  • Maintains and expands population distribution
  • Distribution is explained by the balance between mechanisms that add individuals, and those that delete or limit them.
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18
Q

Dispersal Limitation

A

Potential habitat that could support λ > 1, but constraints on dispersal prevent occupation.

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19
Q

Advantages of dispersing

A
  • Gene flow
  • Reduced competition with your folks
  • reduced exposure to your folks bad neighbours
  • Locate more optimal habitat (Janzen-Connell)
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20
Q

Disadvantages of Dispersal

A
  • Sub-optimal habitat (sink populations)
  • Metabolically expensive to produce off-spring
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21
Q

R-Type Species

A
  • Large numbers: potentially rapid population increase
  • Low parental care
  • Large failure rate but low cost
  • Poor competitors - success by numbers
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22
Q

K-Type Species

A
  • Low numbers, high parental care
  • Low failure; high cost
  • Good competitors
    High parental care increases survival despite resource limits
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23
Q

Type I Regulation of Species Richness

A

Local richness largely regulated by dispersal from the regional species pool

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24
Q

Type II Regulation Species Richness

A

Local richness largely regulated by limiting factors (carrying capacity)

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25
Dark Diversity
Proportion of species that could be there, but not observed locally
26
Extinction Debt
The species is present, but doomed to disapear
27
Type I Survivorship
- Convex curve - Late loss - High survivorship throughout life - Majority reaches maturity - Typical of K selected species
28
Type II Survivorship
- Diagonal curve - Constant loss - Independent of age Birds, rodents, hydra, perennial plants
29
Type III Survivorship
- Concave curve - Early loss - Low mortality after maturity - Typical of r-selected species
30
Net Reproductive Rate (R0)
The average number of females that will be left during the lifetime of a newborn female. - R = 1 Females are replacing themselves - R < 1, they are not
31
Life Tables
Infer trends of population performance in the wild.
32
How does Variability Arise - Natural Selection (4 steps)
1. Variation by chance exists in every population; some are heritable (parent -> offspring). 2. Every population produces more offspring than can be supported by the environment. 3. Some individuals, by their traits have higher chance of surviving and reproducing than others in the same population. 4. These individuals are most fit.
33
Heritability
The proportion of morphological or "phenotypic" variation due to genetic variation.
34
Plasticity
Morphological or "phenotypic" variation NOT due to genetic variation.
35
Fitness
The number of offspring (population fitness) or genes (individual fitness) contributed to future generations.
36
Adaption
The environment acting on variation among individuals within the population.
37
Directional Selection
Selection favouring one extreme trait against the other extreme.
38
Stabilizing Selection
Selection favouring moderate traits against both extreme traits.
39
Disruptive Selection
Selection favouring both extreme traits against moderate traits.
40
Stochastic Population Growth
Population growth that involves chance or probability.
41
Environmental Stochasticity
Random fluctuations in climate or disturbance. - Most influential on populations as catastrophes and bonanzas. - Typically density independent.
42
Bonanza
A stochastic perturbation that has a positive demographic benefit - Ex. Rainfall in the desert
43
Ecological Perturbation/ Catastrophe
A sudden and often large and intense disruption in the pool size and flow rates of limiting resources caused by an outside factor. - Typically physically destructive to a population in terms of damage or mortality. - Ex. intense rainfall, drought, heatwave, fire, over-grazing etc.
44
Press Perturbations
Continuously applied - Ex. long term over-grazing
45
Pulse Perturbations
Single event perturbations - Ex. Hail storms
46
Demographic Stochastity
Random/unpredictable fluctuations in breeding success. - The precise timing and other details of birth and death vary randomly between individuals, causing the size of the population to fluctuate randomly - Typically density dependent
47
Adding variation to population growth (λ) _____ population growth
Reduces
48
What are the three major trade-off axes
1. Growth 2. Defense 3. Reproduction
49
The Darwinian Demon
The perfectly evolved species that is good at growth, highly reproductive and defended.
50
What is preventing the evolution of the darwinian demon?
Metabolic resources directed towards one survival strategy means much less available for others.
51
How is the winning strategy selected in terms of trade-offs?
Fitness implications - best trade off in an environment in terms of births vs deaths = the most offspring
52
Invasion Paradox
Invasive species should fail because i) native to local habitats ii) small founder populations iii) Interact with more abundant native species that are better adapted to local conditions But, they sometimes succeed and thrive breaking the rules
53
What allows for invasion success?
The species escapes from enemies and this allows for energy to be re-invested in 1. Growth 2. Reproduction Also know as ecological escape
54
Biological Control
Re-uniting co-evolved predators with their prey in hopes of controlling the species
55
Ecological Escape
Sudden freedom from predation allows the prey species to re-invest metabolite towards growth and reproduction. - fitness cost for less defense is reduced.
56
Fitness =
Reproductive output & probability of survival
57
Generation Time
The lifespan of individuals
58
r (intrinsic rate of increase per time) is more sensitive to changes in: 1. G (generation time) or 2. R0 (number of offspring produced per generation)
1. Generation time (G) Higher r is associated more with shorter generation time than producing more offspring
59
Generation time affects body size - true or false?
True
60
Bigger G leads to ___ body size
Bigger
61
Bigger G means ____ 'r'
Low
62
What are the advantages of being large?
1. Slow metabolic rate; energy efficient 2. Need less food 3. Relatively well buffered against abiotic fluctuations
63
What are the advantages/disadvantages of being small?
1. High metabolic rate; less energy efficient 2. Need more food 3. Usually more sensitive
64
It pays to be small when...
- Lots of food - Low environmental stochasticity - Times are good
65
___ species have selective advantage under intense resource limitation
K-selection
66
Behavior
Organisms respond and adjust to external stimuli relating to growth, reproduction, and defense - Responses have a combination of genetic and environmental origins within an individual - subject to natural selection
67
Innate Behaviours
Genetically based, triggered by some external environmental cue and carried to completion
68
Canalization
The development of a specific genotype regardless of the environment - An innate behavior
69
Kenesis
A non-directional change in activity in response to a stimulus - An innate behavior
70
Taxis
A directional change in activity in response to a stimulus - an innate behavior
71
Behavioral responses to "risk" can be ____ but also highly ____, whether they are fear-related, reward-related, or hard-wired
1. Beneficial 2. Maladaptive
72
Learned Behavior
Environmentally based adjustments in activity, triggered by some external environmental cue. - The modification of behavior based on experiences
73
Imprinting
Distinguished by a sensitive period, a limited phase in an animals development during which the learning of particular behavior can take place. - Learning limited to a specific time period
74
Cognition
The ability of an animals nervous system to perceive, store, process and use information gathered through its senses
75
Optimal Foraging Theory
Natural selection should favor efficient foragers: individuals that maximize their payout per unit effort - Time spent foraging must be balanced against other facets of growth and survival

BIOL*3060 PCE (3 decks)

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