Test 1 Flashcards
The ocean consists of how much water?
0.13%
The ocean consists of how much rock?
99.87%
Finish the sentence: The ocean forms a very thin film of _____
water
Ocean is ____ volume of water
1/790
Oceans include:
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic
How big is the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic compared to the Pacific?
Atlantic (1/2), Indian (1/4), Arctic (1/16)
Finish the sentence: The sea is part of the ____
ocean
Peri-continental Sea
water located at the edge of land
Epicontinental Sea
water located upon the continent that floods the interior of land
How deep should water level be in order to be classified as the ocean?
660 feet or 200 meters
ocean
Great body of salt water that sits in an ocean basin
continent
composed of granite and rises upwards from sea floor
When was the solar system created?
12-15 billion years ago
When did Earth form?
4 billion years ago
Finish the sentence: Dust clouds traveling around the sun faces ____ effect although sun’s gravity pulls it in.
centrifugal
When did Earth cool down enough to have water?
3 billion years ago before then water was set in a vapor state
When did ocean basins develop?
70,000,000 years ago
geolithosphere
produces the gravity due to its mass; constitutes the hard and rigid outer vertical layer of the Earth, includes the crust and the lithospheric mantle
Hydrosphere
thin layer of water of Geolithosphere
What are the layers of the Earth?
crust (oceanic and continental), lithosphere, mantle (upper mantle, astheosphere, lower mantle), outer core, and inner core
crust
10-60 km, 1% of volume, 2% of weight, temp at base 1000 celsius, 1830 fahrenheit, least dense rock of earth, mostly composed of silicon, quartz (SiO2)
Gutenberg discontinuity
where the mantle and the core meet
What are the 4 forms of physalstate
solid, plastic, liquid, gas
Mohorovičić discontinuity
the boundary between the crust and the mantle
Mantle
60-2900 km, denser - iron and magnesium, 81.4% volume of Earth, 66% weight of Earth, 1000 celsius at surface to 3000 celsius at base
core
densest rock, 15%-32% weight volume, iron cobalt, nickel, 3000 celsius to 5000 celsius
solid
definite volume, shape, and density
plastic
no shape, definite volume and density of container
liquid
no shape, definite volume and density of container
gas
no set volume or density
What controls the physical state?
temp and pressure
to go from solid to gas? pressure and temp do what?
increase temp, decrease pressure
crust (pressure and temperature)
P>T - SOLID
P>T SOLID - OUTER RIGID MANTLE (LITHOSPHERE)
mantle (pressure and temperature)
P=T ATMOSHPERE FLUID AT 700 KM
mesosphere (pressure and temperature)
P>T SOLID
CORE (pressure and temperature)
LOCATED AT 3900, T>P MELT OUTER LIQUID
below 300 km P>T - Solid inner core
draw a diagram with the labels: oceanic, continental, outer rigid mantle, continent, athenosphere
check with page 8 of notes
Which is larger pressure or temperature in the outer rigid mantle and what is the state?
P>T, solid
What is the outer rigid mantle mainly composed of?
iron and magnesium
Which is larger pressure or temperature in the asthenosphere and what is the state?
P=T, plastic
What is the density of the continental crust?
2.7 grams/cm
What is the color of the continental crust?
White-red
What is the thickness of the continental crust? What is the max thickness?
25-40 km, 65-70 km
What is the continental crust mainly composed of?
granite, silicon dioxide
What is the color of the oceanic crust?
Black crust
What is the density of the oceanic crust?
30 gram/cm^2
What is the thickness of the oceanic crust?
5-10 km
What is the oceanic crust mainly composed of?
basalt, silicon magnesisum
element
group of atoms with the same number of protons and electrons
How many elements are there?
103 elements in total
How many of those elements appear on Earth?
50 elements
What is the heat in the center of Earth caused by?
radioactive decay where atoms start braking apart
Where are the most radioactive elements found?
closer to the center (not all)
What are the two types of elements?
conductors, insulators
conductors
conducts heat well
insulators
poor conductors of heat
geothermic gradient
the increase in temperature with depth
How much does the temperature increase with every kilometer?
30 degrees Celsius per kilometer
magnetosphere
the region around a planet dominated by the planet’s magnetic field
What factors play into Earth’s magnetic force?
physical state, temperature of interior, composition of interior (iron, nickel, cobalt)
magnetosphere field
Earth’s magnetic field is the magnetic field that extends from Earth’s interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun.
Thermonuclear fusion
the process of atomic nuclei combining or “fusing” using high temperatures to drive them close enough together for this to become possible
Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale
a chronological framework used to understand the history of Earth’s magnetic field reversals. Over geological time, Earth’s magnetic field has flipped many times, switching between normal polarity (where the magnetic north pole is near the geographic north pole) and reversed polarity (where the magnetic north pole is near the geographic south pole).
How many reversals are account for in the geomagnetic polarity time scale?
183
How many years is the geomagnetic polarity time scale?
83 million years ago
What is the time scale (in years) it takes for the north and south pole to reverse its attraction?
2000 to 12,000 years
Normal Polarity
During periods of normal polarity, the magnetic minerals in newly formed oceanic crust align with the current magnetic field, pointing towards the magnetic north pole.
Reversed Polarity
During periods of reversed polarity, the magnetic minerals align in the opposite direction, pointing towards the magnetic south pole.
What causes the symmetric patterns found on the ocean basin?
As new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward, it records the Earth’s magnetic field at the time of its formation.
How do mountain chains help support the theory of continental drift?
Mountain ranges on different continents often match up when the continents are placed together. The rocks and geological structures within these mountain ranges are often similar in age and composition, indicating they were formed under the same conditions when the continents were joined.
What are the three types of heat used in the Earth?
Radiation (goes through anything), conduction (goes through solid, liquid, gas), convection (goes through fluid)
advection
the horizontal movement of water and its properties, such as heat, salinity, and nutrients, by currents
convection cells
the circular patterns of fluid movement driven by differences in temperature and density within the ocean
How much do convection cells move?
10 cm/year
What causes the lithosphere to move?
convection cells
plate tectonics consists of
continental plates, oceanic plates
continental plates consists of
continent and sea floor
what are the two types of continental plates?
macroplates and microplates
What are the three types of movements that plate tectonics can have and what are their directions?
divergent (<- ->), convergent (-> <-), transform (<- -> but on top of each other)
oceanology
the science of marine resources and technology
oceanography
a science that deals with the oceans and includes the delimitation of their extent and depth, the physics and chemistry of their waters, marine biology, and the exploitation of their resources
sea
a great body of salt water that covers much of the earth
bay
an inlet of the sea or other body of water usually smaller than a gulf
gulf
a part of an ocean or sea extending into the land
ocean basin
a large or small depression in the surface of the land or in the ocean floor
atmosphere
The atmosphere obtains nearly half of its energy for circulation from the condensation of evaporated ocean water. Because the oceans have an extremely high thermal capacity when compared to the atmosphere, the ocean temperatures fluctuate seasonally much less than the atmospheric temperature.
lithosphere
the rigid, rocky outer layer of Earth consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
a zone of Earth’s mantle that lies beneath the lithosphere, much hotter and more fluid than lithosphere
mesosphere
third layer of the atmosphere, directly below the thermosphere, temp decreases as altitude increases
outer core vs inner core
outer core: liquid metal, iron and nickel
inner core: solid metal, iron nickel other metals
continental crust
outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere, forming nearly all of the planet’s land surface
granite
makes up 70-80 of Earth’s crust
oceanic crust
the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of tectonic plates
electron cloud
a region around an atom’s nucleus where electrons are likely to be found
radioactivity
spontaneous breakdown of unstable atomic nuclei
radioactive decay (fission)
a reaction where the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei
geothermal gradient
the rate of change in temperature with respect to increasing depth in Earth’s interior
magnetosphere
a region of space where Earth’s field dominates
plasma
an ionized substance becomes highly electrically conductive to the point that electric and magnetic dominates its behavior
polarity
the quality or condition inherent in a body that exhibits opposite parts or directions or that exhibits contrasted properties or powers
fusion
the process where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus
solar wind
a stream of charged particels released from the Sun’s outermost atmospheric layer (the corona)
curie point
the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties and can be replaced by induced magnetism
polar normal
the normal magnetic polarity recorded in the oceanic crust
polar reversal
changes in Earth’s magnetic field where the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged
paleomagnetism
the study of prehistoric Earth’s magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sediments, or archeological materials
remnant magnetism
permanent magnetism in rocks that result from the orientation of Earth’s magnetic field at the time of rock formation
upwelling
a process in which deep, cold water rises toward the surface, bringing nutrients and biological productivity
convection
a heat transfer mechanism that occurs when a fluid such as air or water is in motion
advection
the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid
downwelling
the downward movement of a fluid parcel and its properties within a larger fluid
lithospheric plate
massive, irregularly shaped slabs of solid rock that make up Earth’s crust and upper amntle
microplate
a small moveable segment of the Earth’s lithosphere
macroplate
major tectonic plates that make up Earth’s lithosphere
continental plates
massive, irregularly shaped slabs of solid rock that make up Earth’s lithosphere
oceanic plate
tectonic plates that make up the ocean floor
lava
molten or partially molten rock that expels from the interior of a terrestrial planet, fluid poor in silica causing it to be very viscous
plate tectonics
theory that the lithosphere is composed of plates
sea floor spreading
the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side
divergent edge
a feature that exists between two tectonic plates that move away from each other
convergent edge
a feature that exists between two tectonic plates that move towards each other
rifting
a geological process that can lead to the formation of new ocean basins and the separation of continents
rift valley
develops along the axis of slow spreading oceanic ridges known as the median valley and is associated with the production of basaltic magamas
oceanic ridge
an underwater mountain range that appears to girdle Earth
trench
prominent, long, narrow topographic depressions of the ocean floor
subduction
a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth’s mantle as the convergent boundaries between tectonic plates
subducted plate
a tectonic plate that has experienced subduction
overriding plate
the tectonic plate that sits above a subducting plate at a convergent boundary
island arc
a curved chain of volcanic islands that forms along a tectonic plate boundary, typically where an oceanic plate is subducting beneath another oceanic plate
fracture zone
a linear oceanic feature that results from the action of offset mid ocean riddge segments
axis of rotation
in plate tectonics, this referes to the imaginary line around which a tectonic plate rotates
spreading pole
the point on the Earth’s surface around which two tectonic plates are diverging. It is used to describe the relative motion of plates at divergent boundaries, such as mid-ocean ridges.
bathymetry
the study and mapping of the seafloor’s topography. It involves measuring the depth of water bodies to understand the underwater landscape, including features like underwater mountains, valleys, and plains
topography
the arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area
oceanic ridge or rise
an underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics. These features are created by the upwelling of magma from the mantle at divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are moving apart
Continental Slope
the steep slope between the outer edge of the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor. It marks the boundary between continental and oceanic crust and is characterized by a rapid increase in depth.
shelf break
the point where the continental shelf ends and the continental slope begins. It is characterized by a marked increase in slope angle and depth.
continental shelf
the extended perimeter of each continent, which lies submerged under relatively shallow seas and oceans. It is typically rich in marine life and resources.
hot spots
volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared to the surrounding mantle
mantle plume
an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth’s mantle. It is believed to cause volcanic activity at the surface, often associated with hot spots.
aseismic ridge
a long, linear, and elevated region on the ocean floor that is not associated with significant seismic activity. These ridges are typically formed by volcanic activity but do not experience frequent earthquakes.
Nematath
also known as a volcanic chain, is a series of volcanoes that form over a hot spot as a tectonic plate moves over it
thread ridge
a narrow, elongated ridge on the ocean floor, often formed by tectonic activity. These ridges can be found in various oceanic regions and are typically less prominent than major mid-ocean ridges
continental rise
the gently sloping area found between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. It is formed by the accumulation of sediments that have cascaded down the continental slope
turbidity current
an underwater current of rapidly moving, sediment-laden water that flows down a slope, often triggered by disturbances like earthquakes or sediment slumping. These currents can carve out submarine canyons and deposit sediments in deep-sea fans
submarine fans
also known as deep-sea fans, are large, fan-shaped deposits of sediments found at the base of continental slopes. They are formed by turbidity currents and can cover vast areas of the ocean floor
abyssal plains
flat, nearly featureless regions of the deep ocean floor. They are among the flattest and smoothest surfaces on Earth, formed by the deposition of fine sediments over long periods
knolls
small, isolated hills or mounds on the ocean floor. They are typically less than 1,000 meters in height and can be formed by volcanic activity or tectonic processes.
seamount
an underwater mountain formed by volcanic activity. These features rise significantly from the ocean floor but do not reach the surface. Seamounts can be hotspots for marine life
guyot
also known as a tablemount, is a flat-topped seamount. These features were once volcanic islands that have been eroded by wave action and then submerged
tablemount
a seamount with a flat top, indicating it was once above sea level and has since been eroded and submerged
abyssal hills
small, rolling hills on the ocean floor, typically found on the abyssal plains. They are the most common topographic features on Earth and are formed by volcanic activity and tectonic processes
reefs
underwater structures made of coral, rock, or other materials that provide habitat for marine life. They are often found in shallow, warm ocean waters
fringe reef
a type of coral reef that is directly attached to the shore of an island or continent. It is the most common type of reef and grows in shallow waters
barrier reef
a type of coral reef that runs parallel to the shore but is separated from it by a lagoon. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the most famous example
lagoon
a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a barrier, such as a reef or sandbar. Lagoons are often found between barrier reefs and the shore
atoll
a ring-shaped coral reef, island, or series of islets that encircle a lagoon. Atolls are formed from the growth of coral reefs around the rim of a submerged volcanic island
drowned reef
a coral reef that has been submerged due to rising sea levels or subsidence of the seafloor. These reefs are no longer actively growing
emergent reef
a coral reef that has been exposed above the water’s surface due to changes in sea level or tectonic uplift
submarine canyon
a steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope, sometimes extending well onto the continental shelf. These canyons are often formed by turbidity currents
island
a piece of land that is completely surrounded by water. Islands can be formed by volcanic activity, tectonic movements, or the accumulation of sand and coral.
microcontinent
a small, relatively isolated landmass that is geologically distinct from the surrounding oceanic crust. Examples include Madagascar and the Seychelles
divisions of the ocean
Pacific Ocean: The largest and deepest ocean basin.
Atlantic Ocean: The second-largest ocean, known for its “S” shape.
Indian Ocean: Located mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.
Southern Ocean: Encircles Antarctica and is defined by the Antarctic Convergence.
Arctic Ocean: The smallest and shallowest ocean, located around the North Pole.
How is the Ocean Older than the Ocean Basin?
The water in the ocean is ancient, having been present on Earth for billions of years. Ocean basins, however, are constantly being created and destroyed through the process of plate tectonics. This means that while the water itself is very old, the basins that contain it are relatively younger and continuously changing.
Divisions of the Geolithosphere Based on Composition
Crust: The outermost layer, composed of continental and oceanic crust.
Mantle: Beneath the crust, composed of silicate minerals rich in magnesium and iron.
Core: The innermost layer, composed mainly of iron and nickel.
Divisions of the Geolithosphere Based on Physical State
Lithosphere: The rigid outer layer, including the crust and the uppermost mantle.
Asthenosphere: The semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere, allowing for plate movement.
Mesosphere: The more rigid part of the mantle below the asthenosphere.
Outer Core: The liquid layer composed of molten iron and nickel.
Inner Core: The solid innermost layer, composed mainly of iron and nickel.
Differences Between Physical States of Matter and the Factors That Control Them
The physical states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. The state of matter is controlled by:
Temperature: Higher temperatures can cause solids to melt into liquids and liquids to evaporate into gases.
Pressure: Higher pressures can force gases into liquids and liquids into solids.
Intermolecular Forces: Stronger forces between molecules can keep matter in a solid state, while weaker forces allow for liquid or gaseous states.
Difference Between Oceanic and Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust: Thinner (about 5-10 km), denser, and primarily composed of basalt.
Continental Crust: Thicker (about 30-50 km), less dense, and primarily composed of granite.
Difference Between Oceanic and Continental Plates
Oceanic Plates: Composed mainly of oceanic crust, denser, and typically subduct beneath continental plates at convergent boundaries.
Continental Plates: Composed mainly of continental crust, less dense, and generally do not subduct.
Convection Cells in the Asthenosphere and Their Significance
Convection cells in the asthenosphere are caused by the heat from the Earth’s core causing the mantle material to rise and then cool and sink. These convection currents drive the movement of tectonic plates, leading to phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the creation of mountain ranges.
Structure of the Atom
An atom consists of three main components:
Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.
Neutrons: Neutral particles also found in the nucleus.
Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
Importance of Protons in the Atom
Protons determine the atomic number of an element, which defines the element’s identity. The number of protons in the nucleus also determines the chemical properties of the element and its place in the periodic table.
Source of Heat Inside the Earth and Its Influence on the Surface
The primary sources of heat inside the Earth are:
Radioactive Decay: The decay of radioactive isotopes in the mantle and crust.
Residual Heat: Heat left over from the planet’s formation.
Gravitational Compression: Heat generated by the compression of the Earth’s interior.
This internal heat drives geological processes such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the creation of mountain ranges, influencing the Earth’s surface.
What Produces the Magnetosphere
The magnetosphere is produced by the Earth’s magnetic field, which is generated by the movement of molten iron and nickel in the outer core. This magnetic field protects the Earth from solar wind and cosmic radiation.
Normal and Reverse Polarity, Paleomagnetism
Normal Polarity: When the magnetic north pole is near the geographic north pole.
Reverse Polarity: When the magnetic north pole is near the geographic south pole.
Paleomagnetism: The study of the record of the Earth’s magnetic field in rocks, sediment, and archaeological materials. It provides evidence for plate tectonics and the history of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Magnetism, Heat, Age, and Sediment Accumulations on the Sea Floor
Magnetism: The sea floor records the Earth’s magnetic field as it forms at mid-ocean ridges.
Heat: Younger sea floor near mid-ocean ridges is hotter due to recent volcanic activity.
Age: The age of the sea floor increases with distance from mid-ocean ridges.
Sediment Accumulations: Sediment thickness increases with distance from mid-ocean ridges, as older sea floor has had more time to accumulate sediments.
Why Continental Edges Are Flooded by Pericontinental Seas
Continental edges are flooded by pericontinental seas due to:
Sea Level Changes: Rising sea levels can submerge continental margins.
Tectonic Activity: Subsidence of the continental crust can lead to flooding.
Sediment Deposition: Accumulation of sediments can create shallow seas along continental edges.
Differences Between Various Types of Plates
Types of Plates:
Oceanic Plates: Composed mainly of basalt, denser, and thinner.
Continental Plates: Composed mainly of granite, less dense, and thicker.
Differences Between Various Plate Boundaries, and Features Developed at Each
Types of Plate Boundaries:
Divergent Boundaries: Plates move apart. Features: mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys.
Convergent Boundaries: Plates move towards each other. Features: mountain ranges, volcanic arcs, deep ocean trenches.
Transform Boundaries: Plates slide past each other. Features: fault lines, earthquakes.
How Ocean Basins Form and Are Destroyed
Formation: Ocean basins form at divergent boundaries where tectonic plates move apart, creating new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges.
Destruction: Ocean basins are destroyed at convergent boundaries where oceanic plates subduct beneath continental or other oceanic plates, leading to the recycling of crust into the mantle.
Function of Transform Faults and Why Fracture Zones Exist
Transform Faults: Allow plates to slide past each other, accommodating the movement between divergent and convergent boundaries.
Fracture Zones: Extend from transform faults and are characterized by differences in seafloor depth and seismic activity.
Origin of Various Ocean Floor and Continental Edge Features (mid-ocean ridges, abyssal plains, continental shelves, submarine canyons)
Mid-Ocean Ridges: Formed by upwelling magma at divergent boundaries.
Abyssal Plains: Formed by the deposition of fine sediments over long periods.
Continental Shelves: Formed by the extension of continental crust into shallow seas.
Submarine Canyons: Carved by turbidity currents and underwater erosion.
Methods to Locate Spreading Pole for a Plate
Magnetic Anomalies: Analyzing the patterns of magnetic stripes on the ocean floor.
GPS Measurements: Tracking the movement of tectonic plates using satellite data.
Hot Spots and the Related Volcanic Features
Hot Spots: Fixed points of volcanic activity caused by mantle plumes. Features: volcanic islands, seamounts.
Volcanic Features: Chains of islands and seamounts, such as the Hawaiian Islands.
Hot Spots and Nematath as Plate Motion Indicators
Hot Spots: Provide a fixed reference point to track plate movement.
Nematath: Chains of volcanic islands and seamounts that record the direction and speed of plate movement.
Ways to Determine Plate Motion
GPS Measurements: Directly measuring the movement of plates.
Magnetic Anomalies: Analyzing the patterns of magnetic stripes on the ocean floor.
Seafloor Spreading Rates: Calculating the rate of new crust formation at mid-ocean ridges.
Relationship Between Turbidity Current, Submarine Canyons, Continental Rise, and Submarine Fans
Turbidity Currents: Underwater flows of sediment-laden water that carve submarine canyons.
Submarine Canyons: Steep-sided valleys formed by turbidity currents.
Continental Rise: Formed by the accumulation of sediments from turbidity currents.
Submarine Fans: Large, fan-shaped deposits of sediments at the base of continental slopes.
Distribution of Sediments Eroded from the Continent
Rivers: Transport sediments to the ocean.
Turbidity Currents: Distribute sediments along the continental slope and rise.
Ocean Currents: Spread sediments across the ocean floor.
Formation of Abyssal Plains and Hills
Abyssal Plains: Formed by the deposition of fine sediments over long periods.
Abyssal Hills: Small, rolling hills formed by volcanic activity and tectonic processes.
Development and Progression of Reef Types
Fringe Reefs: Form along the shorelines of islands or continents.
Barrier Reefs: Form parallel to the shore but separated by a lagoon.
Atolls: Ring-shaped reefs that encircle a lagoon, formed from the growth of coral around a submerged volcanic island.
Factors Determining How Long Islands Exist
Erosion: Wind, water, and wave action can erode islands over time.
Tectonic Activity: Uplift or subsidence can change the elevation of islands.
Volcanic Activity: Can create new islands or destroy existing ones.
Types and Longevity of Island Types
Volcanic Islands: Formed by volcanic activity, can last millions of years but may eventually erode or subside.
Coral Islands: Formed by the growth of coral reefs, can persist as long as conditions for coral growth remain favorable.
Continental Islands: Formed by the separation of landmasses, can be very long-lived.
Why Volcanic Islands Produced by Hot Spots or as Part of Nemataths Subside
Cooling and Subsidence: As volcanic islands move away from the hot spot, the underlying crust cools and contracts, causing the island to subside.
Erosion: Wave action and weathering can erode the island over time.
draw the cross sections of Earth in terms of physical state and composition
draw the cross section of plate edges and associated features
draw the cross section of the continental edge and ocean basin
given a map be able to determine directions plates are moving and identify plate tectonic-related features
spreading point
the point where all fractures meet
95% of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are caused by …..
old/new boundaries
5% of earthquaks and volcanic erutptions are caused by ….
mantle plumes and hotspot
nemathat and thread ridge
refers to chain of volcanoes that start at oceanic ridge and trend away
what determines the direction of plate motor?
- away from rift valley and oceanic ridges
- towards trenches, islands arcs, coastal volcanic mountain chains
- parallel to transform boundary, chains of volcanic islands associated with hotspots aseismic ridge reversals
turbidity current
flow of muddy water
causes of submarine canyon
- erosion by stream, 2. turbidity currents
what are two types of non-volcanic islands?
rock island and sedimentary
what are the 3 types of rock island?
emergent rise in the continental shelf, partially rifted segment of a continent, microcontinent (greater artillery)
What are some examples of emergent rock islands?
Ireland, Britain, Newfoundland, Falkland Islands
What are some examples of microcontinent?
Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, New Zealand, Madagascar
characteristics of sedimentary islands?
ware-built, shallow water
characteristics of non-volcanic island
island arc, oceanic ridge (islandic, Galapagos), hotspot
