Test 1 Flashcards
Define Gen Z & their preferred mode of communication
Grew up with technology and the internet, making them digital natives
Considered tech-savvy and prefer communication through social media and messaging apps
Define millennials and their preferred communication
First generation to grow up with technology and the internet
Tech-savvy and use it for communication, entertainment, and work - developed strong opinions and preferences for tech
Value convenience and instant gratification in their online experiences
What generation values instant gratification from technology?
Millennial
Define Gen X and what year were they born?
First to grow up with home computers and video games, making them proficient with tech
Use it for work and leisure
1960s born
Define baby boomers and what year they were born
Many are tech-savvy and enjoy using technology to connect to loved ones, learn new skills, and access information
May prefer face-to-face interactions and have doubts/mistrust in tech
1950s born
Define the silent generation and when they were born
Did not grow up with tech, but they are adapting at a surprising rate
Unable to navigate it on their own, but with assistance, enjoy it
Born 1928-1945
Define filter bubbles
Algorithms that personalize the online content we see based on our browsing history, preferences, and behaviour, creating information silos
Creates online echo chambers where people are exposed only to content that confirms their beliefs, limiting their perspective and understanding
How does social media create filter bubbles?
The algorithms create filter bubbles by showing you content based on your past behaviours, such as targeted ads or political ideologies based on news websites you interact with
What are two consequences of filter bubbles?
Echo chambers and confirmation bias
Define echo chambers
an environment in which a person encounters only beliefs or opinions that coincide with their own, so that their existing views are reinforced, and alternative ideas are not considered
Define confirmation bias
tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior health beliefs or values
How can filter bubbles be burst?
Seek out diverse perspectives, use search engines that don’t personalize results, and engage in civil discourse
Define search engine bias
Refers to the way search engines like to serve users results that match their past search history, and can sometimes lead to the spread of misinformation
i.e., two people searching climate change may have different results
How do algorithms work?How may bias affect them?
Search engines use algorithms to rank web pages that are use to provide accurate results
Bias can occur in search results due to factors like personalization and location (i.e., the more you search a vacation, the more expensive it gets)
____ search engines can help combat bias
Diversifying
Define misinformation
unintentionally spreading false information
Define disinformation
Intentionally spreading false information
Define malinformation
Deliberately manipulating information or taking it out of context to cause harm
List the seven types of misinformation
Satire/parody
Misleading content
Imposter content
Fabricated content
False context
False connection
Manipulated content
Define satire or parody misinformation and an example
Not intending to cause harm, but they can spread rumors or conspiracy
SNL
Define misleading content misinformation
Information that is taking out of context that can easily mislead people
Define imposter content misinformation
Someone is impersonated and making statements on their behalf
Intending to make the imposter a credible source, when they are not
Define fabricated content misinformation
100% false information designed to deceive and do harm
Define false context misinformation and an example
Genuine information shared with false contextual information
i.e., pulling old photos and using them for current contexts – like two world leaders shaking hands and claiming they are now at peace
Define false connection and an example
Headline or visual that does not support the content
i.e., clickbait on YouTube
Define manipulated content and an example
Image manipulated to deceive someone
i.e., photoshopping to recommend a new diet
List the three types of disinformation
Misleading content, imposter content, and fabricated content
Define misleading content
Information that is manipulated, distorted, or taken out of context
Define imposter content
False information created by an imposter posing as a credible source
Define fabricated content
Completely made-up information designed to deceive
Define what the CRAP test is/does
A set of criteria used to evaluate the credibility and reliability of information sources, particularly in the context of online research and information literacy. It is an acronym where each letter represents a different aspect to consider when assessing a source.
Define the C in the CRAP test
Currency - this refers to how up to date the information is. It is essential to ensure that the information is current and relevant to your research. Depending on the topic, currency may be critical, as information can quickly become outdated, especially in fields of technology or science.
Define the R of the CRAP test
Reliability/relevance – this aspect assesses the credibility and trustworthiness of the source. You should consider the author’s qualifications, the reputation of the publication or website, and whether the information aligns with other reputable sources on the same topic. It’s also important to evaluate potential biases that could affect the source’s reliability.
Is dependent on the topic – i.e., a nurse is credible to speak to lab values, but not credible to speak about engineering
Define the A of the CRAP test
Authority – investigate the author’s credentials and expertise on the subject matter. Are they an expert in the field, and do they have relevant qualifications or experience? Determining the author’s authority can help gauge the trustworthiness of the information.
Depends on where they work – i.e., a nurse working for a pharmaceutical company versus an ethical board
Define the P of the CRAP test
Purpose/Point of View – consider why the information was created and whether there might be a bias or agenda behind it. Understand the source’s perspective, and be aware of any potential bias, whether political, commercial, or ideological. Balanced and objective sources are typically more reliable.
Where is the CRAP test commonly used?
This methodology is commonly used in libraries and educational institutions to teach students how to evaluate sources effectively and provide information literacy.
What 6 factors contribute to the digital divide?
- Lack of infrastructure
- Affordability
- Digital literacy
- Lack of relevance
- Education and training
- Cultural/social barriers
Define how lack of infrastructure leads to the digital divide
Whether people have access to the necessary physical infrastructure for digital connectivity, such as broadband internet, cellular networks, and affordable computers or mobile devices
Rural areas, low-income communities, and developing countries often face challenges in this regard
Define how affordability leads to the digital divide
High costs associated with internet service providers and devices can be a barrier for individuals or families with limited financial resources
In addition, internet access in rural areas is expensive – i.e., individuals in Nunavut pay $1000 for internet monthly
Define how digital literacy to the digital divide
Digital literacy includes understanding how to use computers, navigate the internet, evaluate online information critically, and use digital tools for various purposes
Individuals must also possess the skills and knowledge to effectively use digital technologies
Define how lack of relevance leads to the digital divide
If digital resources are not available in the language or context of a particular community, they may be less accessible or useful to those individuals
Not everything is translated into every language, and when it is translated, the meaning can get lost in the context
Define how education/training leads to the digital divide - what resources can help improve it?
Access to quality education and training in digital skills can be a significant factor in bridging the digital divide
Schools, libraries, and community centers can play a role in providing digital literacy programs and training opportunities
Define how cultural/social barriers leads to the digital divide
Some individuals or communities may be hesitant to adopt digital technologies due to cultural reasons or concerns about privacy and security
i.e., Hutterites not using internet in the same way we do, China versus Canada and the laws around technology
What other divide in technology fits into the cultural/social barriers of the digital divide?
Generational divide
List the 6 consequences of the digital divide
- economic disparities
- educational inequities
- healthcare disparities
- knowledge gaps
- digital redlining
- global development challenges
Define the economic disparity consequence from the digital divide
If you have limited access to technologies, you may miss out on job opportunities, or the job may require high technological skills
Small business owners may struggle to compete with large scale technology platforms
Define the educational inequity consequence from the digital divide
Students without access to digital devices may face challenges with completing assignments or accessing education – may lead to failing a course or dropping out
Define the healthcare disparities consequence from the digital divide
Digital literacy and telehealth, my Alberta
A group of people may have been left behind (i.e., two people go for an MRI, one uses myAlberta, gets their results quicker, and gets surgery faster)
Define the knowledge gaps consequence from the digital divide
The way to get most up-to-date information is the internet
Individuals with reduced access to the internet may not receive the important updates
Define the digital redlining consequence from the digital divide
Low income and minority groups are more likely to experience it
Internet service providers disproportionately invest in affluent areas, such as high-income communities
Discriminatory practices that reduce equities in digital access
Define the global development consequence from the digital divide
In developing countries, the digital divide can hinder economic growth and access to growing online markets
May not have the same access to resources (i.e., education)
List three ways we can bridge the digital divide
- Increase funding to provide affordable internet access to low-income households
- Expand wi-fi networks in underserved areas
- Provide technology training and support to seniors and other digitally disadvantaged populations
Closing the _____ is considered essential for promoting equity and ensuring that everyone can participate fully in the digital age
Digital divide
Define targeted advertising
a form of advertising that involves using consumer data to deliver relevant ads to specific individuals or groups
This type of advertising allows companies to tailor their messaging to the interests and behaviours of their audience, increasing the likelihood of engagement and conversion
Small examples include Lethbridge college advertising in southern Alberta, snow removal in snowy areas, tailored supermarket rewards for specific products you buy, etc.
What three main ways do companies deliver personalized ads?
Cookies, browsing history, and social media activity
What are three benefits of targeted advertising?
- allows them to receive advertisements that are more relevant to their interests and needs, which can save time and increase the chances of finding products or services they may actually be interested in.
- can result in a more personalized shopping experience, as it can suggest items that align with a consumer’s previous purchases or browsing history.
- lead to more competitive pricing, as advertisers are able to provide deals and promotions based on individual preferences
List the four negative consequences of targeted advertising
- It can erode privacy by collecting personal data without consent.
- It can create filter bubbles, where consumers are only exposed to information and products that reinforce their existing opinions and preferences. This can limit their exposure to new ideas and experiences.
- It can lead to discriminatory practices, such as showing higher prices or lower quality products to certain groups based on their demographic or behavior.
- It can be intrusive and annoying, with ads following consumers across multiple platforms and devices.
List the six reasons why targeted advertising is relevant to nursing
- patient advocacy and education
- informed decision-making
- trust and credibility
- professional reputation
- continual learning
- advocating for ethical practices
Define how patient advocacy and education and targeted advertising effects nursing
Nurses are advocates for their patients’ well-being. They need to be vigilant about potential misinformation or misleading claims in healthcare advertising that could harm patients. Ethical advertising ensures that patients receive accurate information about healthcare products and services.
Patients could be staying in their filter bubble and not have the breadth of information they need
Define how informed decision-making and targeted advertising effects nursing
Nurses often play a role in educating patients about their healthcare choices. Being informed about advertising practices helps nurses guide patients in making informed decisions about their care and treatment options.
Define how trust and credibility and targeted advertising effects nursing
Trust is crucial in the healthcare profession. Nurses must uphold the trust patients place in them by ensuring that the information patients receive from advertising is trustworthy and not driven by profit motives that could compromise patient safety or outcomes.
Define how professional reputation and targeted advertising effects nursing
Nurses represent their profession both individually and collectively. Their involvement in discussions about advertising ethics can help maintain the profession’s reputation and credibility, fostering trust among patients and the public.
Define how continual learning and targeted advertising effects nursing
The healthcare landscape is constantly evolving, and advertising methods change with it. Nurses should stay informed about the latest advertising trends and their potential impact on patient care and safety.
Be able to understand the everchanging landscape of advertising
Define how advocating for ethical practices and targeted advertising effects nursing
Nurses can use their voice and influence to advocate for ethical advertising practices within their healthcare institutions, professional organizations, and the broader healthcare industry.
Who sets the digital advertising standards? Describe them
Digital Advertising Alliance of Canada (DAAC)
a non-profit organization that aims to provide consumers with transparency and control over how their data is used for advertising purposes.
List the 14 standards for advertising
- accuracy and clarity
- disguised advertising techniques
- price claims
- bait and switch
- guarantees
- comparative advertising
- testimonials
- professional or scientific claims
- imitation
- safety
- superstitions and fears
- advertising to children
- advertising to minors
- unacceptable depictions or portrayals
Define the accuracy and clarity advertising standard
Advertisements must not contain false or misleading information, and they should be clear and understandable to the intended audience.
Define the disguised advertising techniques advertising standard
No advertisement shall be presented in a format or style that conceals the fact that it is an advertisement.
Needs to be clear that it’s promoting a product – i.e., it can’t be a PSA advertising a product
Define the price claims advertising standard
Any price claims, including discounts and savings, must be accurate and not misleading. The basis for the price claim should be clear.
Cannot mislead customers that something is better than it is
Define the bait and switch advertising standard
Advertisers cannot advertise a product or service with the intent of luring customers in with the promise of a great deal, only to switch them to a different, more expensive product.
Define the guarantees advertising standard
Any guarantees or warranties should be clear and meet legal requirements. If there are conditions or limitations, they should be disclosed.
The duration of warranties and guarantees have to be clear and evident
Define the comparative advertising standard
When making comparisons to competing products or services, the claims must be truthful and substantiated. Unfair comparisons or denigrating competitors are not allowed.
Cannot be overtly defamatory about another product or make false claims about another brand/product
Define the testimonials advertising standard
Testimonials and endorsements should reflect the genuine opinions and experiences of the people making them. They should not be misleading or misrepresent the product or service.
Cannot get a fake testimonial from an individual who has never used the product
Define the professional or scientific claims advertising standard
Claims that require expertise, such as professional or scientific claims, should be made by qualified individuals and based on reliable evidence.
i.e., 5 out of 6 dentists approve this product – must be accurate and reported by someone with that expertise
Define the imitation advertising standard
No advertiser shall imitate the copy, slogans or illustrations of another advertiser in such a manner as to mislead the consumer.
Define the safety advertising standard
Advertisements should not encourage unsafe behaviour or use of products. They must comply with relevant safety regulations.
Define the superstitions and fears advertising standard
Advertisements must not exploit superstitions or play upon fears to mislead the consumer.
i.e., if you do not buy this product, you will get 7 years of bad luck
Define the advertising to children advertising standard
Advertising that is directed to children must not exploit their credulity, lack of experience or their sense of loyalty, and must not present information or illustrations that might result in their physical, emotional or moral harm
Define the advertising to minors advertising standard
Products prohibited from sale to minors must not be advertised in such a way as to appeal particularly to persons under legal age, and people featured in advertisements for such products must be, and clearly seen to be, adults under the law.
i.e., lottery tickets, alcohol, etc. cannot be promoted as if they are accessible to this population
Define the unacceptable depictions or portrayals advertising standard
Advertisements should not include content that is discriminatory, offensive, or harmful, including stereotypes based on race, gender, or other characteristics
Who/what is excluded from the advertising standards?
Foreign media, packaging/wrappers/labels, political/election advertising, and billboards/newspaper
List and define the three CASN competencies
- Information and knowledge management - uses relevant information and knowledge to support the delivery of evidence-informed patient care
- Professional and regulatory accountability - uses ICTs in accordance with professional and regulatory standards and workplace policies
- Information and communication technologies - uses information and communication technologies in the delivery of patient/client care
Define nursing informatics
A science and practice [which] integrates nursing, its information and knowledge, and their management, with information and communication technologies to promote the health of people, families and communities worldwide
