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Intro To Anthropology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

Study op human life and all of the many variations throughout history.

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2
Q

Archaeology
.

A

Remains of past human society, research of towns and cities

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3
Q

Physical / biological (forensic) anthropology

A

Aspects of human life (past and present evolutions, remains of recent bodies and at crime scenes

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4
Q

Linguistics

A

Relation between culture and language

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5
Q

Social /cultural anthropology

A

How cultures differ and are similar to one and the another, shedding light on our own culture

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6
Q

Applied anthropology

A

Using the information in practice. Examples are advocacy, development programs.

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7
Q

Ethnography

A

An approach in anth of studying a specific group of people in particular and their culture (focus ), detailing the lives of a group of people

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8
Q

Holism

A

Culture is consistent integrate features. You can’t understand one aspect of society that looking at another. approach to anthropology where you make a Connection between different things

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9
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Opposite ethnocentrism (judging another culture based on how our culture does things). It is an approach anthropollogy where we accept another is afterent than our own

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10
Q

Critical cultural relativity

A

Asking questions to evaluate different cultures. Studying our own society an with a critical eye

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11
Q

Theory

A

Explaining the world around us

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12
Q

Debates

A

Discussing which theories best suit a culture

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13
Q

Biological determinism

A

Behaviour based on biology

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14
Q

Cultural construct

A

Product of the culture, socially learned

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15
Q

Interpretive

A

What we think

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16
Q

Cultural materials

A

What is around us

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17
Q

Agency

A

Individual drives

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18
Q

Structure

A

Processed beyond individually

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19
Q

Local culture

A

Examples: mun: places, names, pub’s
Examples: lapause: Rich people talked differently
- group specific, age group

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20
Q

Macro culture

A

National culture
Example: Canada: talk a specific way, separations on a local level, broadly the same
Example: western
Example: wealthy elites: traveling to purchase things

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21
Q

Culture

A

Adaptive
Not the same as nature
Based on symbols.
Learned
Integrated
Interactive and changing

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22
Q

Differences in culture

A

variations, result of categories suchas age, ethnicity, race, gender, class
How a person perceives the world and how others perceive them
Class. ex. Income differences, upper, middle, lower (hiearchy)
Race. ex. Some different in looks, no biological differences
Ethnicity. ex. Label when you are or not apart of a group
Gender. ex. Sex: biological differences
Age. ex. Discrimination

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23
Q

ethnocentrism

A

Un attitude based on the idea that one’s own group or culture is better than any other

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24
Q

Exploitation

A

1 owns (factories, elon musk, profiting), the rest work for them: selling labour, wages, production

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25
Q

Fernando approach

A

Started to travel to foreign countries and lived in colonial homes and observed the life of others, they would also sometimes speak to the people being studied to least details about their cultures

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26
Q

Field sight

A

Where anthropologists do their studies. Not confined to one but the core of where we do the study

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27
Q

Qualitative

A

Most used by anthropologists, working with data tables, charts,
Und questionnaires to be able to run stats. Rarely usenumbers in research

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28
Q

Deductive research

A

Makes a statement of what might occur/ hypothesis. Usually associated with quantitative research. Making statements and going out and verifying their statement

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29
Q

Inductive research

A

Not making statements on the possibility but instead beliefs of people’s race, wether go out and try to find away to verify our statements

30
Q

Etic

A

Analyzing cultures from an external viewpoint, using concepts and categories that are not nessesarity native to culture being studied.it is more objective and often involves applying theories und frameworks developed outside the culture

31
Q

Emic perspective

A

Involves understanding a culture from within, using concepts and categories that are native to the culture itself - It aims to capture the internal logic and meanings that people within the culture use it interpret their own experiences and practices

32
Q

Participate observation

A

Participate and observe, you try to adopt the same lifestyles as the group you study. They carefully observe to find out who lives with whom and with whom they interact within public and private, de people organize themselves in public? The researcher needs to by it he rapport and youn peoples trust.

33
Q

Kinship data

A

Peoples knowledge of who’s related to who and why they’re related - this data helps us explore at relations like politica relationships, economic relationships, marriage, and family

34
Q

History

A

Single life experience of an individual and their life and what’s important in their life including different experiences. Provides Avery intimate perspective on other cultures and specific insights into what might be intel in life within that culture

35
Q

Texts

A

Written stories , sayings, Jake’s these texts reveal moral values and power embedded in certain relations

36
Q

Realist styles

A

Aims to present an objective and factual account of a culture or social group.it typically strives force representation that is as close to “reality” as possible, often portraying the ethnographic subject matter in a straightforward, descriptive matter

37
Q

Reflective ethnography

A

Emphasizes the researchers role in the process of data collection and interpretation.it acknowledges that the o ethnographers perspectives, experiences, and biases inevitably sh ape the researchers process and the resulting narrative. These ethnometics research everything within that culture

38
Q

Ethics

A

Critical aspect p of the field guiding how anthropologist conduct research, interact with study participants, and represent their findings. St ensure that researchis conducted responsibly,respectfully, and with integrity.

39
Q

Confirmed consent

A

Inform them what you’re researching and make sure the research project can be signed off

40
Q

culture controlling nature

A

Ex. Monitor weather, pans, agriculture, control weather
We see the two as opposites, different/ complementary

41
Q

Forraging

A

•Collecting food and subsistence some rely on it, for example Groups who live in desserts, jungles, indigenous groups
•Little control over environment
•Need for large territories, moving to different lands based on what they are collecting
•Small groups that are mobile Ina sea. On a seasonal basis

42
Q

Labour in forraging

A

Organized by gender/age, men usually hunter, women usually gathering, or switched roles

43
Q

Property relations in foraging

A

•No private property, sharing on the basis of needs. those who have too much will give to those who have less.
•Not class based. Discriminated against for not sharing
If one group is struggling, they can rely on another group

44
Q

Use-rights

A

People understand that you have access to use something, not actually owning it. Flexible.

45
Q

Fornaculture

A

Not the same as agriculture, not using so much technology/ fertilizer

46
Q

Shifting cultivation/ slash and burn

A

Often happens in a rainforest
Farming in a cycle
Clear a plot of land and cultivating for 2-3 years, and move on to another, bo-on and so-forth, leaving in to regrow

47
Q

Dry land agriculture

A

Same thing and slash and burn just not in a rainforest
Investing labour for a result after many months
Larger, pernauant land, in a village, they have to shift around
Sustainable
Produce more than they need

48
Q

Property relations in Dry Land Agriculture

A

Rights to specific plot of land. The village itself has access to a large territory each family have use-rights to a small part of the territory

49
Q

Pastoralism

A

Involves cattle
Animals provide main sources of production
Do not cultivate food to feed the cattle, instead they are highly mobile who brings their hearts to wherever they can forage
Usually tundras and grasslands
Ins not fully destructive, they need fallough Time - if not, Then it is considered destructive
Access to land has been made smaller

50
Q

Property relations in pastoralism

A

Private property, in the form of animals, and in the form of household objects and personal items like clothing/ jewelry.
They do not move as often.
Natural resources are treated as communal property shared by
everyone in the society

51
Q

Labour in pastoralism

A

By gender and age: adult men usually heard and produce, women usually formate and prepare food

52
Q

Agriculture

A

Fertilizers, controlling the water
Intensified land use
Settlement
Surplus crops, allows people to have jobs other than providing food

53
Q

Family farming in agriculture

A

Cultivar drops and raise animals as a household, together.
Eat some of their own food, majority is sold to the market.
Mexico, India, Bulivia
Diversity between each farm

54
Q

Labor in agriculture

A

Originally children couldn’t go to school in the Summer so that they could work on the farm during harvest.
Women produce and prepare it, of teen harvesting, hearding.
Men cultivate and harvest, plowing, men go off for seasonal work.
When the men were away, the women would take care of the cultivation.
Share same tasks, some sow seeds.

55
Q

Property relations in agriculture

A

Dont own property, but you can use it.
Collective ownership + use-rights
Private property: children inherit the land, varies throughout the world
Live in society with class, rarely not the powerful classes

56
Q

Plantations

A

Slave labour
Cotton, bananas, coffee, tea, rubber, etc
Long hours, terrible conditions, few protective things put into place
Class based: owner/ slave, owner/worker
Central American I Africa, Caribbean

57
Q

Industrial societies

A

Formal work
Informal work
Class based

58
Q

Formal work

A

Wage based work registered in statistics

59
Q

Informal work

A

Babysitting, cutting grass
Plumbing or work of cad jobs that are not being taxed
Some illegal activity, little Ito no access to wage employment in some countries
Gig economy, ex. Uber, skip the dishes

60
Q

Consumption

A

Persons use of something, use of service to obtain what is consumed. Money is a significant yet small role. Other societies may spend other things to consume.

61
Q

Subsistence production

A

Areas of low cash incomes
Spending time in labour to make the goods needed

62
Q

Minimalism

A

Hunting, gathering, fishing, constructed with materials locally. Basic needs to live

63
Q

Consumerism

A

People’s demands are many an infinite, not only do we demand needs of life but luxury items, never being satisfied with just one thing • between both, you can place all the societies on the scale

64
Q

Funds

A

We don’t always use cash to consume. Anthropologists proper the term because it can refer to many things for example, cash, seeds, sand non-cash debts. Can’t be used in many ways: entertainments celebratory, education

65
Q

Inequalities in consumption

A

Different in each individual. More prominent in the US and Canada. Lower in low-income countries

66
Q

market exchange

A

Goods sold for money, to buy more goods
Prices sold for currency
Participants free to choose best deals
Primary form of exchange in industrial societies

67
Q

Distribution and exchange

A

The process between production and consumption
3 types: reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange

68
Q

Generalized reciprocity

A

Those who give something don’t expect anything in return in the near future.
No specific time.
Individuals who are emotionally attached to one another.
Later in life, you will end up helping the parents after everything that they have done for you.
Assisting someone in need with no expectation.
Sharing in all societies, some its dominant form of exchange.
Ex. Foragers, dominate form

69
Q

Balanced reciprocity

A

Transferred to someone, the donor expects return of roughly equal time and value
Ex. Give a gift, somewhat expect something of equal value in return.
Sanction if not received in return.
Ex. Anger, suspend relationship, express annoyance
Social debt: B owes A

70
Q

Negative reciprocity

A

Ex. Theft

71
Q

Redistribution

A

Contribute into a common pool, and are redistributed to populated
Brought to a middle-pool and redistributed
Ex. Taxes

72
Q

Historical context of redistribution

A

Tribute systems.in non-industrials societies (Inca Empire)
Authorities portrayed as connected to divine powers

Intro To Anthropology (2 decks)

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