Test 1 Flashcards
Natural selection
Process in which individuals that have certain inherited trait tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do other individuals because of those traits
Artificial selection
Humans have mimicked the process of natural selection for thousands of years by breeding plants and animals to develop desired characteristics
Divergent evolution
Closely related species that have similarities because of common ancestry, example wolf to fox and domestic dogs
Convergent evolution
Similarities are seen among organisms in species not closely related due to similar selective pressure and adaptations not direct ancestry, example birds, butterflies, bats have no common winged ancestors
Fossil record
Dated by association with geologic strata
Continental drift
Plate tectonics
Phylogeny
Study of evolutionary relationship of species or groups of species
Systematics
Method of classifying organisms an determining their evolutionary relationships
Taxonomist
Scientists who classify organisms and designs taxonomist systems
Hierarchy
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus , species
Genus
May contain more than one species
Family
Contains similar species in different genera
Order
Includes related familes
Class
Many orders
Phylum
Many classes
Kingdom
May phyla
Domain
Archae, bacteria , eukarya
Sister taxa
Groups that share an immediate ancestor nor shared with any other group
Basal taxon
Group found at the base of a tree that diverged from all other early in thier evolutionary history
Cladistics
System using common ancestry to classify organisms
Shared ancestral characteristic
Originated in an ancestor and is shared by all members of the clade
Shared derived characteristic
novelty unique
to a certain clade (synapomorphy.) Only mammals have hair.
Monophyletic
contains the ancestral
species and all of its descendants.
Polyphyletic
when it contains many
distantly related species, but not the most recent common ancesto
Paraphyletic
contains the
ancestral species and some, but not all, descendants
PARSIMONY
tree which is the simplest, with the least evolutionary
events, is the most parsimonious.
LIKELIHOOD
a concept testing trees against the expected change of
DNA sequences over time
Protists
Group of diverse unicelllar eukaryotes
Linnaean system of.2 kingdoms
Animal and plants
Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus, linear chromosomes, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies,
Cyanobacterium
2 layered membrane
Four supergroups of eukarya
Excavates, SAR, archaeplastids, unikonts
Excavata
Modified mitochondria and unique flagella , diplomonads, parabasaids, euglenozoans
Diplomonads
Reduced mitochondria and anaerobic, 2 equal nuclei and many flagella, giardia intestinalis
Parabasalids
Reduced mitochondria, some energy anaerobicallyy , trichonympha
Euglenozoans
Rd within the flagella , 2 subclasses, kinetoplastds and euglenids
Kinetoplastids
Single large mitochondria contains mass of DNA called kinetoplast trypanosoma is an example (sleeping sickness)