Flashcards

Question 1

Describe the structure of a eudicot seed.

Answer 1

A eudicot seed consists of a dormant 2n embryo, which includes baby leaves (plumule) and a root (radicle), a triploid endosperm with 2 cotyledons, all wrapped in 2n maternal tissue (seed coat).

Question 2

How does a seed germinate under proper conditions?

Answer 2

Under proper conditions of temperature and moisture, the seed imbibes water, swells, and bursts the seed coat.

Question 3

What emerges first during seed germination?

Answer 3

The radicle emerges first during seed germination, entering the soil to anchor the seed and absorb water.

Question 4

Define the role of cotyledons during early seed development.

Answer 4

Cotyledons provide the most nourishment to the developing plant during the early stages of seed development.

Question 5

Explain the process of imbibition in seeds.

Answer 5

Imbibition is the process where seeds absorb water, causing them to swell and eventually burst the seed coat.

Question 6

What is the significance of the radicle in seed germination?

Answer 6

The radicle is significant in seed germination as it anchors the seed in the soil and facilitates water absorption.

Question 7

Describe the components of a dormant eudicot embryo.

Answer 7

A dormant eudicot embryo consists of baby leaves (plumule) and a root (radicle).

Question 8

Describe the function of apical meristems in plants.

Answer 8

Apical meristems are regions of undifferentiated cells at the tips of growing shoots and roots that contribute to the growth of primary plant tissues.

Question 9

Define the three primary plant cell tissues created by apical meristems.

Answer 9

The three primary plant cell tissues are protoderm, procambium, and ground tissue.

Question 10

How does protoderm contribute to plant structure?

Answer 10

Protoderm creates the adult tissues of protection, specifically the epidermis and periderm.

Question 11

What type of tissues does procambium produce?

Answer 11

Procambium produces the adult vascular tissue cells, which include xylem and phloem.

Question 12

Explain the role of ground tissue in plants.

Answer 12

Ground tissue is responsible for carrying out metabolism, photosynthesis, support, and storage in plants.

Question 13

How do shoot and root apical meristems differ in their growth direction?

Answer 13

The shoot apical meristem grows away from gravity, while the root apical meristem grows toward gravity.

Question 14

What is indeterminate growth in plants?

Answer 14

Indeterminate growth refers to the continuous growth of apical meristems as long as resources are available.

Question 15

Contrast indeterminate growth with determinate growth in plants.

Answer 15

Indeterminate growth allows plants to grow continuously, while determinate growth means plants grow to a certain height and then stop.

Question 16

Describe the role of apical and axillary meristems in plant tissue development.

Answer 16

Apical and axillary meristems produce the three embryonic tissues: protoderm, procambium, and ground tissue, which then elongate and mature into differentiated cells with specific forms and functions.

Question 17

Define protoderm and its function in plants.

Answer 17

Protoderm is a type of embryonic tissue that produces cells forming a protective covering, specifically the epidermis in herbaceous plants and the periderm in woody plants.

Question 18

How does procambium contribute to plant structure?

Answer 18

Procambium produces vascular cells, including xylem vessel elements that conduct water and dissolved minerals, and phloem sieve tube cells that conduct sugars and other organics.

Question 19

What types of cells are produced by ground meristem?

Answer 19

Ground meristem produces parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells, with sclerenchyma and collenchyma serving as support cells, while parenchyma cells are involved in metabolism and storage.

Question 20

Explain the function of the shoot apical meristem.

Answer 20

The shoot apical meristem is located in the terminal bud and is responsible for the growth of the shoot system, which includes the aerial organs of the plant such as stems, leaves, and flowers.

Question 21

Describe the components of the root system in plants.

Answer 21

The root system consists of below-ground plant organs, including primary roots, secondary roots (such as tap roots and fibrous roots), and root hairs.

Question 22

What is the significance of parenchyma cells in plants?

Answer 22

Parenchyma cells are significant for their roles in metabolism, such as photosynthesis in mesophyll cells, and for the storage of starches in structures like cortex and pith.

Question 23

How do sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells function in plants?

Answer 23

Sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells function as support cells, providing structural integrity to the plant.

Question 24

Describe the direction of growth for shoot systems and root systems in plants.

Answer 24

Shoot systems grow away from gravity, while root systems grow towards gravity.

Question 25

Define the role of roots in a plant.

Answer 25

Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and dissolved minerals.

Question 26

How do stems contribute to a plant’s structure and function?

Answer 26

Stems support the above-ground plant and house the vascular tissue that conducts water, minerals, and organics from roots to leaves.

Question 27

What is the main function of leaves in a plant?

Answer 27

Leaves are the main photosynthetic organ of the plant.

Question 28

Explain the role of mesophyll cells in leaves.

Answer 28

Mesophyll cells capture light and produce sugar during photosynthesis.

Question 29

What is the function of stomates in a leaf’s epidermis?

Answer 29

Stomates conduct gas exchange in the leaf.