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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is normal body moisture content

A

55-65%

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2
Q

how much more fluid is present for it to be considered edema

A

excess of 10%

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3
Q

edema is …

A

the abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces, serous cavities, or both

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4
Q

what are some edema predisposing factors

A
  • congestive hart failure
  • cirrhosis
  • alcoholism
  • nephritis
  • lymphatic obstruction
  • burns
  • vascular diseases
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5
Q

cellular or solid edema

A

occurs when an abnormal amount of interstitial fluid passes into and is retained by the cell (intracellular)
- leaves the tissue swollen and firm

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6
Q

intercellular (pitting) edema

A

fluids accumulate between the cells of the body
- leaves a “pit” when pressure applied
- can be drained from tissue into circulatory system

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7
Q

anasarca is…

A

severe generalized edema

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8
Q

challenges with anasarca

A
  • increased rate of decomp from heightened body moisture
  • excessive moisture causes stronger secondary dilution of fluid
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9
Q

embalming with anasarca

A
  • injection with high strength and volume to counteract secondary dilution
  • might use RCI if face dehydrated
  • hypodermic inject if places not receiving fluid
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10
Q

when head/facial features are distended from anasarca/edema …

A
  • elevate head and shoulders
  • using a hypertonic solution will draw excess fluid from tissues and into the circulatory system where it can then drain
  • channeling with trocar
  • massage facial tissues toward neck and chest
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11
Q

rate of flow for anasarca cases

A

begin at slow as distribution establishes

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12
Q

ascites is…

A

accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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13
Q

when would you tell if someone has ascites

A
  • might go undetected till aspiration
  • noticed if distended abdominal cavity
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14
Q

will edematous fluid from ascites affect arterial injection fluids

A

no, because fluid is in abdomen and won’t affect circulatory system, so won’t dilute fluid
- but will dilute cavity fluid during cavity work

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15
Q

complications with ascites

A

might put pressure in/around abdominal cavity and interfere with distribution and drainage

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16
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

sacs around the abdominal organs - so fluid can accumulate in between the two layers

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17
Q

techniques to relieve ascites

A
  • scalpel to make small incision and insert drain tube
  • make incision in hypogastric/inguinal area and let drain naturally
  • use trocar and pierce transverse colon to release gasses and liquids
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18
Q

hydrothorax is…

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in thoracic cavity (chest), the space between wall, cavity, and lung

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19
Q

to embalm with a hydrothorax case…

A
  • use carotid artery and drain from jugular
  • can use femoral
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20
Q

to address the built up fluid with hydrothorax…

A
  • after embalming direct trocar to posterior portion of thorax and pierce it, allow fluid to drain with gravity
  • during or prior embalming, insert trocar along lateral wall of cavity of abdomen, DONT RUPTURE ANY VESSELS
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21
Q

what can be expected with hydrothorax cases

A
  • distension in the neck is common
  • neck and face can exhibit intense livor morits after death
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22
Q

what is hydrocele

A

abnormal accumulation of fluids in a saclike structure, especially the scrotal sac

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23
Q

scrotum gets insufficient fluid distribution and will become a prime area for ___ to set in

A

decomp

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24
Q

when is hydrocele taken care of during embalming process

A
  • during aspiration and injection of cavity
    -insert trocar over pubic symphysis and pubic bone and enter both sides of scrotum
  • can use a towel and apply pressure to force fluid out
  • use cavity fluid
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25
Q

other potential ways to take care of hydrocele

A
  • tie off penis
  • wicking = several small incisions where you insert strips of cotton to draw liquid out
26
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluids in the ventricles of the brain

27
Q

what are some causes of hydrocephalus

A
  • bacterial meningitis
  • lesions
  • tumors
  • stroke
  • traumatic brain injury
  • congenital in infants
28
Q

it is necessary to drain some of this fluid (hydrocephalus) since it can cause ___ ___ in brain and accumulation of fluid in cranial cavity

A

rapid decomp

29
Q

how to take care of hydrocephalus

A
  • after embalming pass long hypodermic syringe through nostril and direct through anterior portion of the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
  • draw out fluid
  • then use undiluted cavity fluid or phenol injected in same area
30
Q

hydropericardium is …

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac (around the heart)

31
Q

concern with hydropericardium

A

may cause pressure and restrict circulation

32
Q

treatments for hydropericardium

A

during pre embalming use a trocar and drain it
- careful to not puncture vessels

33
Q

for edema in the legs …

A
  • use femoral artery
  • treat with higher index fluid using hypovalve trocar
    -can coat in autopsy gel (embalming gel) and wrap in plastic then use plastic garments
34
Q

why is a higher index fluid or even cavity fluid necessary for edema type cases

A
  • higher index = firming and dehydrating
  • good to counteract the secondary dilution in these cases
35
Q

what is the range of index’s considered firming

A

25-35

36
Q

examples of edema fluids

A
  • XEROS edema factor
  • Eckels veloxin
  • Edemaco
37
Q

if there are any blister present on the body ….

A
  • should be popped/lanced
  • dry the area and use cavity pack to cauterize
  • wrap in plastic and use plastic garments
38
Q

should you pre inject with any edema cases

A

most likely no

39
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

an out pouching of an artery that eventually ruptures

40
Q

complications with embalming an aneurysm case

A
  • rupture of vessels
  • distribution of arterial fluid could be disrupted
  • cerebral aneurysm can cause swelling in eyes
41
Q

how to take care of embalming with aneurysm case

A
  • multi point injection
  • might have to aspirate ruptured blood from cavities
  • pack nose and ears with cotton and sealer
  • no need for special chemicals
42
Q

what is cirrhosis

A
  • end stage of chronic liver disease
  • occurs when healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, preventing the liver from functioning properly
43
Q

what is cirrhosis caused by

A
  • hepatitis B and C
  • chronic alcohol and drug use
44
Q

embalming complications with cirrhosis

A
  • liver can be enlarged causing distension
  • ascites may be present or edema in feet
  • circulation to/from liver may be difficult
  • jaundice
45
Q

how to embalm a cirrhosis case

A
  • if jaundiced use jaundice fluid
  • wash skin with soapy water to remove some yellowing
  • heavy cosmetics
46
Q

fluids recommended for cirrhosis cases

A
  • jaundice fluids since it can bleach and flush bilirubin
  • glutaraldehyde is good alternative
  • examples: premium jaundice, color guard, juan dial
47
Q

what is CJD

A
  • infectious, fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by a prion
  • no test to identify if someone has it
48
Q

complications with embalming a CJD case

A
  • virus can be incubated for 10 years
  • blood may be infectious
  • is extremely resistant to heat and chemicals
  • brain contains highest concentration of infectious agents
49
Q

embalming options with a CJD case

A
  • use pre injection
  • alternate drainage/injection
  • use high index arterial fluid
  • if autopsied place organs in bleach
  • if not autopsied DO NOT aspirate or do cavity work
50
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

chronic disease that occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t use insulin properly. results in abnormally high level of blood sugar or glucose in body

51
Q

types of diabetes

A
  • type 1 = genetic
  • type 2 = acquired
  • gestational = pregnant
52
Q

some complications with diabetes cases

A
  • difficulties with distribution from arteriosclerosis
  • liver enlarged or soft
  • lesions on pancreas
  • jaundice
  • gangrene
  • water retention in fat
  • fungal infection of lungs
  • loss of limbs/toes
53
Q

how to embalm a diabetes mellitus case

A
  • multiple point injection
  • use common carotid and jugular
  • higher concentration arterial fluid
  • two bottles for cavity work and re aspirate
54
Q

when did the EPA recognize formaldehyde as a potential carcinogen

A

in 1987

55
Q

when did the US department of human services add formaldehyde to the national toxicology program list of carcinogenic compounds

A

2010

56
Q

what percentage of embalmers reported contracting infectious diseases from contact with blood

A

17%

57
Q

what is the most commonly reported skin contact with infectious blood

A

needle stick at 73%

58
Q

what is C. diff

A

cause lethal diarrhea from overuse of antibiotics, found in spores of feces

59
Q

what is MRSA

A
  • bacterial staph infection
  • found on skin and in nose, blood, and urine
60
Q

what is HIV

A

loss of immune system functions, spread through direct contact with contaminated body fluids

advanced embalming (4 decks)

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