Test 1

Question 1

What is the leading cause of death globally?

Answer 1

heart disease

Question 2

Percentage of those who lead sedentary lifestyles

Answer 2

60-85%

Question 3

Positive effects of physical activity

Answer 3

• Preventing and managing cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes
• Reduces symptoms of depression & anxiety
  reduces cognitive decline
  helps overall wellbeing

Question 4

Do you know the benefits of exercise to kids in school?

Answer 4

o Stay at school longer
o Attain higher academic performance
o Higher lifetime earnings
More diverse friend groups

Question 5

What are the WHO guidelines for exercise in adults and children?

Answer 5

Adults: 150-300 min of moderate-intensity or 75-150 min of vigorous intensity physical activity per week

Children and adolescents: 60 min/day of moderate-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity across the week

Question 6

Who were some of the key figures in ancient times that used exercise as medicine?

Answer 6

Susruta, hippocrates, hua to

Question 7

How did susruta, hippocrates, hua to each approach medicine

Answer 7

Susruta
First ”recorded” physician to prescribe moderate daily exercise

Hippocrates:
First “recorded” physician to provide a written exercise prescription for a patient suffering from consumption (AKA Tuberculosis)

Hua TO: “Exercise of the Five Animals”
Advocated for exercises based on observed movements of Deer, Monkeys, Cranes, Tigers, and Bears

Question 8

Explain the sliding filament theory?

Answer 8

1. Myosin heads bind to thin actin filaments, forming cross-bridges.
2. Cross-bridges pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere (M line).
3. This draws the Z-lines closer together, shortening muscle fibre.
4. The myosin heads detach, and the cycle repeats.

Question 9

Can I list some of the adaptations of bone to exercise?

Answer 9

o Increased Bone Density
o Enhanced Bone Strength
Improved Bone Mineralization
Improved Bone Microarchitecture

Question 10

Joint classification – structure and example

Answer 10

• Synovial joint (knee, shoulder, elbow)
• Cartilaginous joint (intervertebral discs)
• Fibrous joint (skull suture)

Question 11

what is a synovial joint and what is it made up of

Answer 11

articulating surfaces enclosed within a fluid-filled joint capsule/ Articular surfaces lined with hyaline cartilage

Joint capsule consisting of:
* A thick fibrous outer layer
* A thin synovial inner layer
* Synovial fluid

Question 12

what is a cartilaginous joint

Answer 12

articulating surfaces connected
by cartilage

Question 13

what is a fibrous joint

Answer 13

articulating surfaces connected by
fibrous tissue

Question 14

examples of synovial joints

Answer 14

• Hinge joints: Allow movement in one plane, like the opening and closing of a door (e.g., elbow and knee joints).
• Pivot joints: Allow rotational movement around a single axis (e.g., the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae).
• Ball-and-socket joints: Allow movement in all three planes and are the most freely moving synovial joints (e.g., shoulder and hip joints).

Question 15

what is classification based on movement

Answer 15

Diarthrosis – freely moveable
Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable
Synarthrosis - immovable

Question 16

Name the order of muscle structure

Answer 16

Myofibrils → Muscle fiber → Muscle fascicle → Muscle bundle → Muscle

Question 17

name the types and functions of the surrounding connective tissue

Answer 17

Endomysium
o Surrounds each muscle fibre
Perimysium
o Surrounds each muscle fascicle
Epimysium
o Surrounds entire muscle, outer layer

Question 18

structure of muscle including connective tissue (=)

Answer 18

• Lots of Myofibrils, wrapped in endomysium = Muscle fiber
• Lots of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium = muscle fascicle
• Lots of muscle fascicles wrapped in epimysium = muscle

Question 19

difference between type 1 and 2 (A and B) muscle fibres

Answer 19

o Slow twitch oxidative (type I): long distance
o Fast twitch oxidative (type IIA): 400m/800m
o Fast twitch glycolytic (type IIB): short sprints

Question 20

What are some different characteristics of each muscle fibre

Answer 20

I
Contraction time: slow
Size of motor neuron: small
Fatigue restistance: high
Activity used for: aerobic
Duration:hours
Power:low
Mitochondria:high
Capillary:high

IIA
Contraction time: fast
Size of motor neuron: med
Fatigue restistance: fairly high
Activity used for: short term anaerobic
Duration: less 30 m
Power: med
Mitochondria: high
Capillary: med

IIB
Contraction time: very fast
Size of motor neuron: very large
Fatigue restistance: low
Activity used for: short term anerobic
Duration: less 1m
Power: very high
Mitochondria: low
Capillary: low

Question 21

types of muscle contraction

Answer 21

Isotonic:
Concentric: Muscle shortens while generating force
Eccentric: Muscle lengthens while under tension

Isometric
Muscle generates force without changing its length
Like pushing into a wall

Isokinetic
Muscle contracts at a constant rate throughout the entire range of motion
Special equipment and lab conditions

Question 22

types of muscle and differences

Answer 22

Skeletal
 Striated
 Multi-nucleated
 Voluntary Control
 Contractions – rapid, powerful, not sustained

Cardiac
 Striated
 Single nuclei
 Intercalated discs
 Involuntary
 Contractions – Moderately rapid, not sustained

Smooth
 Non-striated/smooth
 Single nuclei
 Involuntary
 Spindle shaped
 Contractions – Slow, sustained, propel food (peristalsis)

Question 23

What structure separates the upper and lower system?

Answer 23

epiglottis

Question 24

parts of upper and lower respiratory system

Answer 24

The upper respiratory system
Paranasal sinus
Nasal cavity
oral cavity
Pharynx
epiglottis

The lower respiratory system
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Bronchioles
* Lungs (including alveoli)

Question 25

what is boyles law

Answer 25

• Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
  for example As volume increases, pressure decreases.

Question 26

Can you identify what happens to blood flow to different areas of the body with an increase in activity?

Answer 26

Increase in blood to skeletal muscles, brain, heart and skin. decrease to kidney and abdominal organs

Question 27

what is strength and endurance training

Answer 27

Endurance training (aerobic: uses oxygen)
* Muscle becomes more resistance to fatigue (training type I fibres)
Resistance/strength training (anaerobic: doesn’t use oxygen as main source of energy)
* Muscle becomes stronger, more powerful and in some cases, bigger (training type II a and b fibres)

Question 28

Can you differentiate some of the changes that occur to various aspects of human physiology with endurance and strength training?

Answer 28

Strength/resistance (anaerobic)
muscle fibre size: inc
number of muscle fibres: no change
movement speed: inc
strength: inc
aerobic capacity: no change
anaerobic capacity: inc

endurance (aerobic)
muscle fibre size: no change
number of muscle fibres: no change
movement speed:no change
strength:no change
aerobic capacity: increase
anaerobic capacity: no change

Question 29

what does endurance trainging stimulate

Answer 29

angiogenesis

Question 30

what increases during submaximal exercise

Answer 30

fat utilisation