Test 1 Flashcards
What is the leading cause of death globally?
heart disease
Percentage of those who lead sedentary lifestyles
60-85%
Positive effects of physical activity
- Preventing and managing cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes
- Reduces symptoms of depression & anxiety
reduces cognitive decline
helps overall wellbeing
Do you know the benefits of exercise to kids in school?
o Stay at school longer
o Attain higher academic performance
o Higher lifetime earnings
More diverse friend groups
What are the WHO guidelines for exercise in adults and children?
Adults: 150-300 min of moderate-intensity or 75-150 min of vigorous intensity physical activity per week
Children and adolescents: 60 min/day of moderate-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity across the week
Who were some of the key figures in ancient times that used exercise as medicine?
Susruta, hippocrates, hua to
How did susruta, hippocrates, hua to each approach medicine
Susruta
First ”recorded” physician to prescribe moderate daily exercise
Hippocrates:
First “recorded” physician to provide a written exercise prescription for a patient suffering from consumption (AKA Tuberculosis)
Hua TO: “Exercise of the Five Animals”
Advocated for exercises based on observed movements of Deer, Monkeys, Cranes, Tigers, and Bears
Explain the sliding filament theory?
- Myosin heads bind to thin actin filaments, forming cross-bridges.
- Cross-bridges pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere (M line).
- This draws the Z-lines closer together, shortening muscle fibre.
- The myosin heads detach, and the cycle repeats.
Can I list some of the adaptations of bone to exercise?
o Increased Bone Density
o Enhanced Bone Strength
Improved Bone Mineralization
Improved Bone Microarchitecture
Joint classification – structure and example
- Synovial joint (knee, shoulder, elbow)
- Cartilaginous joint (intervertebral discs)
- Fibrous joint (skull suture)
what is a synovial joint and what is it made up of
articulating surfaces enclosed within a fluid-filled joint capsule/ Articular surfaces lined with hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule consisting of:
* A thick fibrous outer layer
* A thin synovial inner layer
* Synovial fluid
what is a cartilaginous joint
articulating surfaces connected
by cartilage
what is a fibrous joint
articulating surfaces connected by
fibrous tissue
examples of synovial joints
- Hinge joints: Allow movement in one plane, like the opening and closing of a door (e.g., elbow and knee joints).
- Pivot joints: Allow rotational movement around a single axis (e.g., the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae).
- Ball-and-socket joints: Allow movement in all three planes and are the most freely moving synovial joints (e.g., shoulder and hip joints).
what is classification based on movement
Diarthrosis – freely moveable
Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable
Synarthrosis - immovable
Name the order of muscle structure
Myofibrils → Muscle fiber → Muscle fascicle → Muscle bundle → Muscle
name the types and functions of the surrounding connective tissue
Endomysium
o Surrounds each muscle fibre
Perimysium
o Surrounds each muscle fascicle
Epimysium
o Surrounds entire muscle, outer layer
structure of muscle including connective tissue (=)
- Lots of Myofibrils, wrapped in endomysium = Muscle fiber
- Lots of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium = muscle fascicle
- Lots of muscle fascicles wrapped in epimysium = muscle
difference between type 1 and 2 (A and B) muscle fibres
o Slow twitch oxidative (type I): long distance
o Fast twitch oxidative (type IIA): 400m/800m
o Fast twitch glycolytic (type IIB): short sprints
What are some different characteristics of each muscle fibre
I
Contraction time: slow
Size of motor neuron: small
Fatigue restistance: high
Activity used for: aerobic
Duration:hours
Power:low
Mitochondria:high
Capillary:high
IIA
Contraction time: fast
Size of motor neuron: med
Fatigue restistance: fairly high
Activity used for: short term anaerobic
Duration: less 30 m
Power: med
Mitochondria: high
Capillary: med
IIB
Contraction time: very fast
Size of motor neuron: very large
Fatigue restistance: low
Activity used for: short term anerobic
Duration: less 1m
Power: very high
Mitochondria: low
Capillary: low
types of muscle contraction
Isotonic:
Concentric: Muscle shortens while generating force
Eccentric: Muscle lengthens while under tension
Isometric
Muscle generates force without changing its length
Like pushing into a wall
Isokinetic
Muscle contracts at a constant rate throughout the entire range of motion
Special equipment and lab conditions
types of muscle and differences
Skeletal
Striated
Multi-nucleated
Voluntary Control
Contractions – rapid, powerful, not sustained
Cardiac
Striated
Single nuclei
Intercalated discs
Involuntary
Contractions – Moderately rapid, not sustained
Smooth
Non-striated/smooth
Single nuclei
Involuntary
Spindle shaped
Contractions – Slow, sustained, propel food (peristalsis)
What structure separates the upper and lower system?
epiglottis
parts of upper and lower respiratory system
The upper respiratory system
Paranasal sinus
Nasal cavity
oral cavity
Pharynx
epiglottis
The lower respiratory system
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Bronchioles
* Lungs (including alveoli)
