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Introduction to Human Movement > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

At what level in the cervical spine does rotation mostly occur?

A

C1/C2

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2
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical spine and what makes them atypical

A
  • C1: posterior tubercle instead of spinus process
  • C2: atypical because of dens.
  • C7: longer spinous process
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3
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae of the thoracic spine and what makes them atypical

A
  • T1: Complete costal facet (instead of having costal facet on top and bottom it just has one entire facet).
  • T9 – T12: Own complete costal facet. Spinous process start to mimic lumbar spinous processes.
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4
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae of the lumbar spine and what makes them atypical

A
  • L5: Larger body and transverse processes makes it atypical. It is transitional as it transitions into sacrum.
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5
Q

What are the common ligaments of the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum Nuchae (Nuchal Lig)
Intertransverse ligament

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6
Q

function of Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Restricts Extension

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7
Q

function of Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Restricts Flexion

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8
Q

function of Ligamentum Flavum

A

Connects the lamina of vertebrae to the next (from C2-S1)
Helps preserve upright posture
Resists excessive separation between lamina

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9
Q

function of Interspinous ligament

A

Connect adjacent spinous processes
Limit flexion by restricting separation of the spinous processes

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10
Q

function of Ligamentum Nuchae (Nuchal Lig)

A

runs between spinous processes
Helps sustain the weight of the head and limit forward flexion

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11
Q

function of Intertransverse ligament

A

It provides stability in the cervical spine in lateral flexion.

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12
Q

What are the 4 various descriptions of rib movement at various levels?

A

Pump handle
Superior/inferior (upper ribs 1– 5)

Bucket handle (lower ribs 6 – 10)
Superior/inferior
Lateral/medial

Caliper (floating ribs 11 & 12)
Medial/lateral

Torsion
Superior rotation

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13
Q

What are the muscles of the erector spinae?

A

spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus.

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14
Q

what are the flexors of the trunk

A

Rectus abdominis
Psoas major and minor
Iliacus

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15
Q

what are the extensors and lateral flexors of the trunk

A

Erector Spinae
Quadratus lumborum

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16
Q

what are the rotators of the trunk

A

External oblique
Erector spinae
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique

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17
Q

What are some of the differences in the pelvis between males and females?

A

Gender Dimorphism
Females:
Wider and broader yet lighter
Oval-shaped
Less prominent ischial spines
Greater sub-pubic arch angle
shorter, more curved sacrum

Males:
Thinner and narrow yet heavier
Heart shaped
more prominent ischial spines
more narrow sub pubic arch
longer sacrum

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18
Q

Name the muscles involved in PRONATION of the forearm

A

Muscles:
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus

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19
Q

Locations of the muscles involved in pronation of the forearm

A

Pronator teres
Located proximally
Pronator quadratus
Located distally

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20
Q

Name the muscles involved in SUPINATION of the forearm

A

Supinator
Biceps brachii

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21
Q

Name the joints involved in pronation and supination of the forearm

A

Joints:
Proximal Radioulnar Joint:
Synovial pivot joint - Uniaxial

Distal Radioulnar Joint:
A synovial pivot joint - uniaxial

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22
Q

Name the only joint that joins the upper limb to the axial skeleton and its function

A

sternoclavicular joint
Function – ball and socket

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23
Q

Explain scapulohumeral rhythm.

A

the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) and scapulothoracic joint (ST) move in a 2:1 ratio.

When the arm is abducted 180 degrees, 60 degrees occurs by rotation of the ST, and 120 degrees by abduction of the GHJ.

First 30 degrees of abduction largely occurs at GHJ.

30 degrees on, GHJ & ST joint move simultaneously

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24
Q

List muscles involved with flexion of the glenohumeral joint

A

Flexion
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Deltoid (anterior fibres)
Long head of biceps brachii

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25
Q

List muscles involved with extension of the glenohumeral joint

A

Extension
Latissimus dorsi
Long head of Triceps brachii
Deltoid (posterior fibers)
Teres major

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26
Q

List muscles involved with abduction of the glenohumeral joint

A

Abduction
Supraspinatus
Deltoid

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27
Q

List muscles involved with adduction of the glenohumeral joint

A

Adduction
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Coracobrachialis
Teres major

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28
Q

List muscles involved with internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint

A

Subscapularis
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Deltoid (anterior fibers)

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29
Q

List muscles involved with external rotation of the glenohumeral joint

A

Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Deltoid (posterior fibers)

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30
Q

List muscles involved with flexion of the humeroulnar joint

A

Flexion
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

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31
Q

List muscles involved with extension of the humeroulnar joint

A

Extension
Triceps brachii

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32
Q

List muscles involved with flexion of the radiocarpal Joint

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus

33
Q

List muscles involved with extension of the radiocarpal Joint

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum

34
Q

List muscles involved with radial deviation of the radiocarpal Joint

A

Radial deviation
Extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis
Flexor carpi radialis
Abductor pollicis longus

35
Q

List muscles involved with ulnar deviation of the radiocarpal Joint

A

Ulnar deviation
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris

36
Q

List muscles involved with flexion of the iliofemoral joint

A

Psoas
Iliacus
Rectus femoris

37
Q

List muscles involved with extension of the iliofemoral joint

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Adductor magnus

38
Q

name the hamstrings

A

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris

39
Q

List muscles involved with abduction of the iliofemoral joint

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae (TFL)

40
Q

List muscles involved with adduction of the iliofemoral joint

A

Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis

41
Q

List muscles involved with internal rotation of the iliofemoral joint

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus

42
Q

List muscles involved with external rotation of the iliofemoral joint

A

Piriformis
Gluteus maximus
Obturator internus
Gemelli superior & inferior
Quadratus femoris

43
Q

What is the angle of inclination and it’s ranges for classification?

A

Angle taken between the long axis of the femoral neck and the long axis of the femoral shaft

Coxa Vara:
Angle of inclination is less than 110°.

Coxa Valga:
Angle of inclination is greater than 130°.

44
Q

What is the angle of torsion and it’s ranges for classification

A

Angle between the long axis of the femoral neck and a line touching the posterior borders of the femoral condyles

Varies between 10-15°
Femoral anteversion – angle of torsion is greater than 15. “Pigeon-toed”

Femoral retroversion – angle of torsion is less than 10.

45
Q

What type of posture is created by increased and decreased torsion?

A

increased: Leads to inward rotation of the femur, which can cause a “toeing-in” posture where the toes point inward.

decreased: Causes outward rotation of the femur, leading to a “toeing-out” posture where the toes point outward.

46
Q

List muscles involved with flexion of the Tibiofemoral Joint

A

Hamstrings
Semimembranosis
Semitendinosis
Biceps femoris

47
Q

List muscles involved with Medial/lateral rotation of the Tibiofemoral Joint

A

Popliteus
Semimembranosis
Semitendinosis

48
Q

What is the role of the meniscus of the knee?

A

Joint stability
Shock absorption
Weight distribution/load transmission
Proprioception
Position awareness

49
Q

What is the role of the ACL, PCL and collateral ligaments of the knee?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Limits:
Anterior displacement of the tibia
Hyperextension

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Limits:
Posterior displacement of the tibia
Hyperflexion

Collateral ligaments:

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Limits:
Medial and Lateral translation of the tibia
Valgus stress

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Limits:
Medial and Lateral translation of the tibia
Varus stress

50
Q

What are the three pillars of ergonomics?

A
  1. Human factor
  2. Task design
  3. Machine design
51
Q

What are the most common causes of workplace injuries?

A

Repetitive motion 63%,
placing, grasping or moving objects 20%
repetitive use of tools 8%
typing /key entry 9%.

52
Q

What are the most common types of workplace injuries?

A

Soft tissue 29%
Trauma to muscle and tendon 21%
Trauma to joints and ligaments 14%
Trauma to muscle 7%
Dislocations 3%

53
Q

What lifting techniques can be used with manual handling?

A

Lift and carry heavy loads correctly by keeping the load close to the body and lifting with the thigh muscles.

Never attempt to lift or carry loads if you think they are too heavy.

Use mechanical aids or get help

Take frequent breaks.

Improve your fitness

Warm up cold muscles with gentle stretches

54
Q

What is the average loss of height after 40 years of age and what are some of the causes?

A

On average, a loss of 1cm every 10 years after age 40.

Pathological causes:
* Spondyloarthropathies
* Arthritic pathologies of the spine
* Osteoporosis
Structural causes:
* Disc pathologies (herniation, dehydration etc)
* Kyphosis

55
Q

What are the risk factors for decreased skeletal composition in aging adults?

A
  • Inactive lifestyle
  • Hormonal changes
  • Loss of calcium and other minerals in bone
56
Q

What are the different classifications of physical function according to Spirduso?

A
  • Physically dependent (debilitated)
  • Physically frail (Activities of daily living [ADL] affected)
  • Physically independent (Free from disease, however, don’t exercise regularly)
  • Physically fit (Physically active)
  • Physically elite (Masters athletes)
57
Q

What is the daily amount of moderate exercise recommended in the elderly?

A

30 mins of moderate intensity physical activity on most, preferably all days

58
Q

What is the rate of loss of VO2 max in active elderly adults versus inactive elderly
adults?

A

Functional capacity/aerobic fitness decreases at 3% per decade in an active elderly population.

Functional capacity/aerobic fitness decreases at 6% per decade in the sedentary elderly population.

59
Q

What type of hip fracture has worse outcomes in elderly adults?

A

Femoral Neck Fractures (also called intracapsular fractures)

outcomes:
* Pulmonary embolism
* Infections
* Heart failure

60
Q

Over what time span does each phase of healing typically occur?

A
  • Inflammatory phase: days 0-6 days
  • Repair phase: days 4-24 (overlaps with inflammatory phase)
  • Remodeling phase: day 21 – 2 years+
61
Q

What are some of the key cells in each phase of healing?

A

inflammatory phase
* Key Cells: Platelets, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Mast Cells

repair
* Key Cells: Fibroblasts and Endothelial cells (for blood vessel formation)

remodelling
Key Cells: Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts (in bone Fx)

62
Q

Describe the elements of the LOVE principle and briefly describe each?

A

L – load
Mechanical stress should occur early, and normal activities resumed as soon as practical. Optimal loading without exacerbating pain promotes repair, remodelling and builds tissue tolerance

O – optimism
Condition your brain for optimal recovery by being confident and positive.

V – vascularisation
Choose pain free cardiovascular (aerobic) activities to increase blood flow to repairing tissues

E – exercise
Restore mobility, strength and proprioception by adopting an active approach to recovery.

63
Q

What are the histological features of each grade of muscle strain (tear)?

A
  • Grade I: Mild strain, minimal fiber disruption
  • Grade II: Moderate strain, partial tear
  • Grade III: Severe strain, complete tear
64
Q

Describe 5 types of fractures and briefly describe them?

A

Transverse Fracture
* Breaks that are in a straight line across the bone.

Greenstick Fracture
* Partial fracture
* Bone bends and breaks but does not separate into two separate pieces.

Oblique Fracture
* Break is diagonal across the bone.

Compression Fracture
* When bone is crushed.
Osteoporosis most common cause

Spiral Fracture
* Fracture that spirals around the bone.

65
Q

List factors that may contribute to delays in healing?

A

Local Factors:

Infection:
* Bacteria or other pathogens can disrupt the healing process and prolong inflammation.
Movement or Re-injury:
* Excessive movement or re-injury at the healing site can disrupt tissue repair and delay healing.
Poor Wound Care:
* Inadequate wound care or improper dressing can impede healing and promote infection.

Systemic Factors:

Age:
* Healing tends to be slower in older individuals due to decreased cell turnover and reduced immune function.
Smoking:
* Smoking constricts blood vessels and reduces oxygen delivery to tissues, impairing healing.
Medications:
* Certain medications, like chemotherapy drugs, can suppress the immune system and delay healing.

66
Q

What are some of the processes that occur in each phase of healing?

A

Inflammatory phase
Hematoma Formation: Blood clot forms, aiding repair.
Inflammation: Increased blood flow, swelling, redness, and pain.

repair phase
Fibroblast Migration & Proliferation: Fibroblasts produce collagen at the injury site.
Angiogenesis: New blood vessels form to supply nutrients.

remodelling phase
Scar Maturation: Scar tissue remodels, collagen fibers align and strengthen.
Tissue Strengthening: Repaired tissue gains strength and function with proper loading and exercise.

67
Q

List 4 various types of rehab and briefly describe what they are targeted towards

A

Burns
Personalised program to restore function following
* Chemical and thermal burns

Addiction
Personalised program to assist in the recovery from addiction(s) such as
* Drugs
* Alcohol
* Gambling

Neurological
Personalised program to restore function following
* Spinal cord injury
* Stroke

Musculoskeletal
Personalised program to restore function (strength, flexibility, proprioception) following injury, illness or surgery

68
Q

List 4 goals of MSK rehab?

A

Pain Management: Reduce pain with therapy and exercises.

Restore Range of Motion: Improve mobility with stretching and mobilization.

Increase Strength and Endurance: Build muscle with resistance and functional training.

Improve Balance: Enhance stability with targeted exercises.

69
Q

List 4 factors that may limit MSK rehab?

A
  • Severity of injury
  • Chronic conditions
  • Patient compliance
  • Access to resources
70
Q

List and briefly describe 2 factors that influence adaptation.

A

Individual Factors:
Genetics, age, health status, and nutrition all play a role in how an individual adapts.

Environmental Factors:
Altitude, temperature, and humidity can affect the body’s ability to adapt

71
Q

Provide 2 specific examples of adaptation

A
  • Increased bone density from weight-bearing exercises strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis.
  • Improved heat tolerance from repeated exposure helps in hot environments.
72
Q

Name the body parts of these joints:
glenohumeral joint
humeroulnar joint
radiocarpal joint
iliofemoral joint
tibiofemoral joint

A

shoulder
elbow
wrist
hip
knee

73
Q

sprain vs strain

A

Sprain
Ligaments

Strain
Muscle/tendon

74
Q

what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

A

synovial, ball and socket

75
Q

ranges of motion for the radiocarpal joint

A

Movements
Flexion - 65-90°
Extension - 60-85°
Radial deviation - 15-20°
Ulnar deviation – 20-45°

76
Q

difference between pronation and supination?

A

supination holding a bowl of soul

77
Q

Which is the following is a part of the stance phase of gait?

A

Terminal stance

78
Q

Which fibers of the forearm ligaments are taut during terminal supination and terminal pronation?

A

In terminal supination, anterior fibers are taut
In terminal pronation, poster fibers are taut

Introduction to Human Movement (3 decks)

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