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genetics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What statistical method is used to assess whether or not the number of observed individuals with certain phenotypes are an acceptable fit to an expected Mendelian ratio?

A

chi-square test

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2
Q

maternal inheritance is the dominant mode of inheritance for

A

organelle genes

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3
Q

Syntenic genes can assort independently when

A

They are far apart on a chromosome, and crossing over occurs frequently between the genes.

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4
Q

genetic linkage leads to the production of a significantly greater than expected number of gametes containing chromosomes with

A

parental combinations of alleles

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5
Q

in a dihybrid cross exhibiting complete genetic linkage, what would you expect?

A

two equally frequent gametes containing only parental allele combinations and no recombinant gametes

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6
Q

which progeny phenotypic ratio is expected when a diploid monohybrid is selfed?

A

3:1

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7
Q

which progeny phenotypic ratio is expect in a diploid monohybrid testcross

A

1:1

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8
Q

which progeny phenotypic ratio is expected ina cross between a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive (diploid)?

A

1:0

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9
Q

what is the phenotypic ratio of a cross between heterozygous dominant and wild-type parents?

A

1:0

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10
Q

sexual reproduction uses _____ to generate ______ gametes, which join at fertilization

A

meiosis; haploid

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11
Q

when a diploid cell divides by mitosis, result is ____

A

identical diploid cells

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12
Q

Mendel performed many types of crosses, including those in which the same genotypes are crossed but the sexes of the parents are switched. These are known as ________.

A

reciprocal crosses

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13
Q

holliday junctions are

A

formed during the process of crossi ng over

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14
Q

one genetic map unit (mu) is the distance between genes for which 1 product of meiosis in ____ is recombinant

A

100

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15
Q

what type of allele is often detected as a distortion in segregation ratios, where one class of expected progeny is missing.

A

lethal allele

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16
Q

Syntenic genes can assort independently when

A

they are far apart on a chromosome and crossing over occurs frequently between the genes.

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17
Q

the alleles of linked genes tend to ____

A

segregate together during gamete production

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18
Q

mitosis

A

1 cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells (diploid)

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19
Q

meiosis

A

1 cell divides into 4 daughter cells with one gamete from each parent.

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20
Q

blending theory

A

viewed the traits in offspring as a mixture of the parental traits

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21
Q

pure breeding

A

breeding two of the same strains together to produce the same phenotype

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22
Q

crossbreeding

A

allow to observe F1 and F2 traits

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23
Q

reciprocal crosses

A

made when the same crossses are made but from different sexes

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24
Q

test crosses

A

are made when a plant is crossed with the recessive pure breeding parent

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25
Q

AA

A

homozygous dominant

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26
Q

Aa

A

heterozygous dominat

27
Q

aa

A

recessive homozygous

28
Q

autosomal dominant inheritance

A

have one affected parent, both males and females are affected; traits are expressed in each generation.

29
Q

autosomal recessive inheritance

A

The affected individual has no affected parents.traits can skip generations

30
Q

chromosomal sex

A

the presence of sex chromosomes associated with males and females

31
Q

phenotypic sex

A

the internal and external morphology found in each sex

32
Q

XX

A

female

33
Q

XY

A

male

34
Q

law of independent assortment

A

during the formation of gametes segregation of alleles at one locus is independent of alleles at another locus

35
Q

reject null hypothesis

A

p>0.05

36
Q

recombination happens in

A

prophase 1 and meiosis 1

37
Q

sythenic genes

A

genes located on teh same chromosome

38
Q

linked genes

A

alleles so close together they cannot sort independently

39
Q

parent no recombinantion

A

1-r

40
Q

recombination

A

r

41
Q

incomplete penetrance

A

when traits are occasionally nonpenetant

42
Q

variable expressivity

A

the same genotype produces a range of phenotypes that vary in degree

43
Q

gene-environment interactions

A

when the environment influences the phenotype that perhaps explains incomplete penetrance and variable exoressivity in some instance

44
Q

epistasis

A

gene interaction where alleles at one gene influence the function of alleles at another gene.

45
Q

same complementation group

A

mutations that do not complement each other

46
Q

feature sthat make bacteria useful to genticist

A

genome simplicity, uncomplicated genotypes, rappid generation time, large number of progeny, ease of propagation, numerous heritable differences

47
Q

conjugation

A

the transfer of replicated DNA from a doner to a recipient

48
Q

transformation

A

the uptake of DNA from the environment. It is a four step process that is preceded by lysis.

49
Q

transduction

A

the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a viral vector.

50
Q

Fertility plasmid

A

contains genes that promote its own transfer from donors to recipients

51
Q

Resistance plasmid

A

caries antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred to recipient cells

52
Q

prototrophic

A

WT, complete medium, minimum medium

53
Q

auxotrophic

A

mutant, complete medium

54
Q

haploinsufficient

A

one copy of the allele is not enough for wild-type phenotype

55
Q

Lysis

A

The breakage of a donor cell and fragmentation of the DNA of the donor

56
Q

Cotransformation

A

Happens when genes are close together

57
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses (eater of bacteria), infection and parasitize bacteria.

58
Q

a bacterium that is unable to grow on minimal medium is said to be

A

auxotrophic

59
Q

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered a sex-like process in bacteria using

A

population of cells with complementing auxotrophs, and the measurement of the generation of prototrophs during microbial mixing

60
Q

Bernard Davis tested the “cross-feeding” interpretation of some data that showed the phenotype of one microbe as capable of being changed by another microbe. His contribution can be summarized as

A

placing a barrier between bacterial strains with complementing auxotrophs to assess whether contact between cells was required for genetic exchange.

61
Q

An F+ microbial strain would best be described as

A

a bacterium with a plasmid that confers mating competency (or fertility)

62
Q

An Hfr microbial strain would best be described as

A

a bacterium is containing a chromosomally integrated plasmid conferring mating competency.

63
Q

what allows the compilation of time-of-entry maps?

A

the fact that gene entry can proceed in either direction

genetics (4 decks)

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