Test 1 Flashcards
___ can be people, places, events, etc.
Individuals
___ are characteristics of an ___ and can be ___ or ___
Variables; Individual; Numerical; Nonnumerical
A ___ is a specific value of a ___
Response; Variable
The entire group of individuals is the ___
Population
A survey of the entire ___ is a ___
Population; Census
A ___ is a subset of individuals
Sample
A study of a sample is a ___
Sample Survey
A study of a very small sample is a ___
Case Study
An ___ study is passive
Observational Study
A statistical study ___ is an active study
Experiment
___ is an inherent tendency to ___- or ___-select certain types of ___ (___ bias) and/or to ___ the response values associated with these ___ in a manner that is systematically flawed (___ bias)
Sampling; Over; Under; Individuals; Sampling; Measure; Individuals; Measurement
Conducting a survey in a public place like a mall
Favoritism
Conducting a survey on views on abortion in a JBU classroom (This is a special kind of favoritism where ‘favoritism’ is basically just another word for ‘bias’)
Convenience Sampling
Conducting a call-in survey on the radio
Voluntary Response Sampling
A sample is said to be a ___if all the individuals in a given population are equally likely to be selected for it; ___ by definition (and ideally), are ___
Simple Random Sample (SRS); Simple Random Samples; Unbiased
A parameter is a number that describes a ___
Population
A statistic is a number that describes a ___
Sample
Eliminated by simple random sampling
Bias
Reduced by increasing the sample size or increasing the number of samples
Variability
A ___ changes in dependence on the ___
Response Variable; Explanatory Variable
A cause-and-effect study is commonly a ___ study
___ studies can be invalidated by ___ that are___ with the explanatory variable
Comparative; Lurking Variables; Confounded
Comparative studies can be ___ or purely ___
Experimental; Observational
Use ___ to control the influence of lurking variables
Matching Groups
Subgroups
Strata
Use ___ to take into account the influence of lurking variables
Statistical Adjustments
___ Errors: caused by bad___, deliberate ___, mis___, and non___
Response; memory of individuals; lying; misunderstandings; non-response
___ Errors: caused by poor ___
Processing; record-keeping
___ Problems: caused by poorly ___
Wording; poorly phrased questions
___ in SRS: caused by ___; estimated by error formula (for population ___ of large populations); reduced by increasing the ___ or the ___
Variability; chance; proportions; sample size; number of samples
___: caused by ___, ___ response, or ___ sampling; eliminated by ___
Bias; favoritism; voluntary; convenience; simple random sampling
