Test 1 Flashcards
What is Material Culture?
previously the culture of archaeologists, ex museum exhibits, anything that is not paper, how it helps explain culture of something
Top Down” & “Bottom Up”:
Top Down: start with big notable things first
Bottom Up: need sources to tell the history, everyday ppl/recurrences
Primary Sources
things that were there at the time they were studied, (ex. autobiography)
Secondary sources:
use primary sources, did not experience themselves, historian writing about an event
Agency:
agent in the making of history, i.e, the power we have to affect the course of history (“we are all agents in th making of history”)
Historiography:
the way the story changes, ex. WWII what was the history told, literally the writing of history
Monograph:
a detailed written study on a specialized topic
What did historians used to say about Natives that was untrue?
That before settlement of America, the only inhabitants of the country were “barbarians” (i.e, George Bancroft and American History, a survey)
Paleolithic Peoples
Hunters/gatherers, low carbs= low population, had specialized tools like Fishing Nets, Hooks, Harpoons, Spears and Atlatl (throwing spear)
Neolithic Peoples
Neo=New, Maize=carbs=population growth, settlement patternsm more advanced than paleolithic
What was the first Human Settlement in North America?
Buttermilk Creek
What allowed European exploration?
Caravel (faster ship) , Printing press (faster info spread) , Maritime Insurance and double entry bookkeeping (Accounting), exploration becomes a busines enterprise
Columbus: (where was he going and why is he still important?)
-Going west to go to the Far East,
- hes still important because he’s a transitional figure who gave rise to a new kind of reaction from europeans to the possibility of current engagement with the north americas.
- Also destoryed Native Lives, was a slaughterer
Who followed Columbus’s lead? (who slaughtered who)
Cortez & Aztecs
Pizaro & Incas
Later, English & Powhatans of Virginia
What caused an elite to be formed?
Conquistadors
Colombian exchange
Items moved from old to new world and vice versa via exploration and the bringing back of items over voyages. Important to remember that exotic foods and spices wee brought back, as well as slaves and gold. Syphillus was brought to the new world from the old.
Mutual Transformation:
Americas:
**Population loss
New Technologies (guns, metal tools, etc.)
Strengthened govs to deal with europeans
Escalation of warfare between tribes
Europeans
enriched - measure of wealth changed from land to gold/silver
**Race- creation of a “white” european identity
**Religion - gave rise to the Reformation (questioning Catholic Church)
Protestant Reformation
1517: Martin Luther posts his 95 theses (Germany)
95 things that disagreed with the catholic church
-Catholicism vs protestantism
-Martin Luther is Lutheran
1534: Henry VIII breaks from Rome
1535: Church lands seized & passed to notability
The Tudor Monarchs: Henry VIII
(1509-1547): Church of England
**his wife gave birth to 5 children 3 of them sons but only a daughter survived into adulthood
Has no male heir
5 total wives, 2nd wife Anne B. was not allowed to marry her
Edward VI:
Reform of Protestantism
Book of common prayer
Dies at 15 (son of Henry VIII, from Henry’s 3rd wife)
Mary I:
Re-established Catholicism
Married guy from Spain (not church of england, catholic)
(queen for 5 years)
Elizabeth I:
Re-established Church of England
Spanish thought they were being ruled by an illegitimate monarch
Quakers
Offshoot of Protestantism
Quakers believed that each human could connect to God without the need for clergy (services were silent, pacifist)
Components:
Silence:
Inner Light this Equality
Pacifism
women
Puritans vs Quakers
-The main diffeence is that Puritans believe that your relationship with god is through the church and community, quakers believe it is a personal relationship
- Puritans do NOT tolerate the quakers
-Quakers “blasphemous”
-Imprisoned, books burned, property confiscated
Great Migration: Virginia
from England’s southwest, small royalists elite and indentured servants
The Great Migration: Delaware Valley
Quakers from the North Midlands of England
Leave to come to America
The Great Migration: Appalachia
from the northern borderlands, scots and irish
Rural, rednecks, go to country
The Great Migration: New England
Puritans (The Mayflower)
From london/east england
How it ties into england
Fragile Jamestown Issues
No source of profit
No labor
Big issue (negative) with Native Americans
No effective government
initial labor issues because lots of artisans migrated, no farmers and tobacco cultivation is labor intensive
How did Jamestown become successful?
-Indentured servitude
-Headright system
-African slaves
Indentured Servitude:
-help with tobacco plantation & paid for (had accommodations)
-usually criminals, in exchange for transportation to Virginia, food shelter & clothing
-indentured servants agreed to work usually 4-7 yrs
(spoiler alert, it sucked)
Headright System
-(1618): Each settler who paid own transport to Virginia was granted 50 actress of free land (a “headright”) + additional 50 acres for each person brought with him
-Way to expand plantation culture
African Slaves:
-1619: 20 people from Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) arrive in Virginia aboard The White Lion
-Likely purchased by Governor Sir George Yeardley from English privateer who had plundered a Portuguese slave ship (San Juan Batista)
-many die, the rest sold into slave plantations
Native American Relations
-English expectations: succeed bc natives will help
Native american expectations: just landed there, wanted to take on rival tribes, align with europeans
-Realities of the Chesapeake economy: north of VA, indians living on edge, don’t have surplus to share with english
Powhatan Confederacy
Algonquian speaking group of 30 tribes,
went from 24,000 to 2,000
Powhatans felt threatened then uprisings massacred ⅓ colonists, lead to their demise
House of Burgesses
- the longest continuous legislative body in North America
- In 1643 an upper house council of state is added
Ideas of Freedom: Cavaliers
“Hegemonic Liberty”
-dominion over yourself, keeping slaves is okay,
-domination by others not okay
Ideas of Freedom: Quakers
“Reciprocal Liberty” granting others the freedom they wanted themselves: vote, fair trial, own worship, Golden Rule
Ideas of Freedom: Borderers
-“Natural Liberty” freedom to do as one pleases without gov interference
- “get off my ass” mentality
Ideas of Freedom: Religious Fundamentalists
who believed in “Ordered Liberty” duty to live according to God’s law
French Colonization in the Americas, Approaches to Native treatment: Stratification
a new Spanish elite imposed upon an Indian society (ex. Lawyers, bureaucrats, class system)
French Colonization in the Americas, Approaches to Native treatment: Articulation
French intermingled with Indian peoples
French Colonization in the Americas, Approaches to Native treatment: Expulsion
English replaced indian peoples
Why was the Carribean so important?
Tobacco, Sugar and Slaves, more important to british economy than America was
